The continent faces "relentless" military espionage, and increased cyber sabotage at the hands of authoritarian regimes, according to a high-ranking intelligence director.

Source: Christophe Coat via Alamy Stock Photo

Australian intelligence is projecting that foreign nations will increasingly attempt to sabotage its country's critical infrastructure.

On Feb. 19, Mike Burgess, director-general of security in charge of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), delivered an annual threat assessment encompassing the many national security threats facing Australia. Among the most important, he noted, are the ways in which foreign threat actors are weaponizing artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled disinformation and deepfakes, military espionage, and attacks against critical infrastructure that could cause damage to the military, government, and social cohesion.

"ASIO's report reflects an increasingly combative international relations environment, increasing competition between great powers, and Australia's position in all of this — one which is both strategically critical and geographically fragile," Bugcrowd founder Casey Ellis says. "Critical infrastructure is the primary target \[of nation-states\] in the cyber domain. Eleven percent of cybersecurity incidents in the past year in Australia have focused on critical infrastructure, with mounting evidence of adversaries positioning themselves for opportunistic strikes in a way that mirrors tactics observed targeting the US."

**Threats to Australia's Military and Civilians**

Burgess has now made six threat assessments since taking office in 2019, but none quite like his latest. "I think it's fair to say it's the most significant, serious, and sober address so far," he said on Wednesday.

Of the cyber threats to the country, Burgess highlighted a few primary areas of concern.

First, the power that AI gives to malicious governments and criminal threat actors. "Artificial intelligence will enable disinformation and deepfakes that can promote false narratives, undermine factual information, and erode trust in institutions," he explained. "Espionage and foreign interference will be enabled by advances in technology, particularly artificial intelligence and deeper online pools of personal data vulnerable to collection, exploitation, and analysis by foreign intelligence services."

AI has been a source of increasing concern around data collection for years. Major Silicon Valley companies have had no reticence in training their models on unauthorized data around the Web, a practice made even more worrying now that the latest chatbot comes from an authoritarian state.

Burgess also spoke of "greater threats" against Australia's military. "Defence personnel are being targeted in person and online. Some were recently given gifts by international counterparts. The presents contained concealed surveillance devices," he said. He went on to describe the trilateral security partnership between Australia, the UK, and the US (AUKUS) as "a priority target for intelligence collection, including by countries we consider friendly. ASIO has identified foreign services seeking to target AUKUS to position themselves to collect on the capabilities, how Australia intends to use them, and to undermine the confidence of our allies."

**Foreign Nations Eye AUS Critical Infrastructure**

ASIO also assessed that "authoritarian regimes are growing more willing to disrupt or destroy critical infrastructure to impede decision-making, damage war-fighting capabilities, and sow social discord."

Burgess pointed to Russia's war in Ukraine as an obvious case study in how governments can sabotage critical infrastructure to cause both physical and cyber consequences. And it's not like the threat to Australia's infrastructure is merely theoretical, either.

"Cyber units from at least one nation state routinely try to explore and exploit Australia’s critical infrastructure networks, almost certainly mapping systems so they can lay down malware or maintain access in the future," Burgess said. "We recently discovered one of those units targeting critical networks in the US. ASIO worked closely with our American counterpart to evict the hackers and shut down their global accesses, including nodes here in Australia."

Even in times without war, he warned, "foreign regimes are expected to become more determined to, and more capable of, pre-positioning cyber access vectors they can exploit in the future."

**About the Author**

Nate Nelson is a writer based in New York City. He formerly worked as a reporter at Threatpost, and wrote "Malicious Life," an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify. Outside of Dark Reading, he also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast."

Australian Critical Infrastructure Faces 'Acute' Foreign Threats

The startup incubator and PR firm with holdings in more than 70 cybersecurity firms has announced a data breach with as-yet-unknown effects.

Source: lorenzo rossi via Alamy Stock Photo

NEWS BRIEF

Insight Partners, the venture capital fund that has investments in multiple cybersecurity firms, has confirmed a data breach.

According to a notice on its website, cyberattackers infiltrated Insight's systems on Jan. 16 in a "sophisticated" attack that involved social engineering. Incident response teams mitigated the breach within "hours," the company said, and it saw no operational disruption, but the incident once again highlights the weakness of the human element in cyber-defense.

"We notified stakeholders connected to Insight in January to alert them and encourage vigilance and tightened security protocols irrespective of having shared data compromised," the company noted. "We also notified law enforcement in relevant jurisdictions."

Insight has invested in scores of top cybersecurity companies, including Armis, Checkmarx, Recorded Future, SentinelOne, and Wiz. Additional details on the attack, such as whether such portfolio companies were affected by the breach and what information the attackers accessed, are, for now, unavailable. But the incident has the potential to be far-ranging, Dirk Schrader, vice president of security research at Netwrix, speculated.

"Insight Partners manages more than 500 current investments with a team of about 140 professionals," he said via email. "The nature of their business at this scale means a lot of interactions with barely known or totally unknown contacts and a massive number of sensitive messages sent and received."

Related:What Is the Board's Role in Cyber-Risk Management in OT Environments?

He added, "This creates a vast potential for attackers to inject themselves into such an exchange, posing as a known contact and asking for some urgent action to avoid harmful consequences for an organization. Attacks like this one once again highlight that the verification of the information received from external sources should not be underestimated."

**Hardening Cyber Defenses Against Social Engineering**

A majority of successful cyberattacks against businesses still start with social engineering, and user awareness training on spotting phishing and inauthentic communications remains the top line of defense against it. However, there are other best practices that should go along with that, Schrader said.

"Organizations should establish secure communication channels with partners that can be used to verify such messages received," he advised, adding, "technical methods to prevent the impact of social engineering attacks on an organization's sensitive data include implementing privileged access management (PAM) and multifactor authentication (MFA) tools. By combining PAM and MFA, organizations can ensure that even if an attacker gains access to valid credentials, they will still face additional authentication barriers and strict access controls, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access."

Related:This Security Firm's 'Bias' Is Also Its Superpower

**About the Author**

Tara Seals has 20+ years of experience as a journalist, analyst and editor in the cybersecurity, communications and technology space. Prior to Dark Reading, Tara was Editor in Chief at Threatpost, and prior to that, the North American news lead for Infosecurity Magazine. She also spent 13 years working for Informa (formerly Virgo Publishing), as executive editor and editor-in-chief at publications focused on both the service provider and the enterprise arenas. A Texas native, she holds a B.A. from Columbia University, lives in Western Massachusetts with her family and is on a never-ending quest for good Mexican food in the Northeast.

Insight Partners, VC Giant, Falls to Social Engineering

These sorts of attacks reveal growing adversary interest in secure messaging apps used by high-value targets for communication, Google says.

Source: aily\_creativity via Shutterstock

Multiple Russia-aligned threat groups are actively targeting the Signal Messenger application of individuals likely to exchange sensitive military and government communications related to the country's war with Ukraine.

For now, the activity appears limited to persons of interest to Russia's intelligence services, according to researchers at Google's Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG), who spotted it recently. But the tactics the threat actors are using in the campaign could well serve as a blueprint for other groups to follow in broader attacks on Signal, WhatsApp, Telegram, and other popular messaging apps, GTIG warned in a blog post this week.

**Likely to Become More Prevalent**

"We anticipate the tactics and methods used to target Signal will grow in prevalence in the near-term and proliferate to additional threat actors and regions outside the Ukrainian theater of war," Google threat analyst Dan Black wrote in the post.

Two of the Russian cyber-espionage groups that Google observed targeting Signal are UNC5792 — a threat actor that Ukraine's CERT tracks as UAC-0195 — and UNC4221 (aka UAC-0185). The goal of the attackers in both cases is to trick targeted victims into unknowingly linking their Signal account to an attacker-controlled device so any incoming messages are simultaneously available on the linked device.  

The attacks are taking advantage of "linked devices," a feature of the Signal app that allows users to securely connect and synchronize their account across multiple devices. However, the tactics that each threat group uses to get targets to unwittingly link their accounts have been slightly different.

UNC5782's ploy has been to send invitations asking targeted individuals to join a Signal group by sharing a malicious QR code with them. While the invitations look identical to Signal's group invite, the threat actors have modified them so that anyone social-engineered into scanning the QR code ends up linking their account to a UNC592-controlled device instead.

The other threat group, UNC4221, is using a customized phishing kit that impersonates parts of Kropyva, an application that Ukraine's military uses for artillery guidance, to try and social-engineer Signal Messenger users of interest. The threat actor has established Kropyva-themed phishing sites with the QR code directly embedded on them. It has also set up phishing sites pretending to contain legitimate Signal instructions for device linking to encourage scam victims into scanning their malicious QR code.

**Broad Threat Actor Interest**

Google identified UNC4221 and UNC5782 as two of several Russian and Belarusian groups that are targeting Signal Messenger to spy on persons of interest. Not all attacks by UNC4221 and UNC578 have involved device linking. Russia's infamous Sandworm cyber-sabotage group (which Google tracks as APT44) has been stealing Signal messages from a target's Signal database or local storage files, using a combination of malware tools. Similarly, Turla, a threat actor that the US government has tied to Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), is doing the same using a lightweight PowerShell script that it deploys after gaining access to a target environment. Another threat actor from the region targeting Signal Messenger, according to Google, is Belarus-linked UNC1151, which uses the Robocopy Windows file-copying tool to copy and store Signal messages and attachments for future theft.

The flurry of activity targeting Signal is a sign of broader attacker interest in secure messaging apps used by those in espionage and intelligence gathering, including politicians, military personnel, activists, privacy advocates, and journalists. The apps' security features, which include end-to-end encryption of text, voice, and video with minimal data collection practices, have made it a popular tool for at-risk individuals and communities. It has also made the app "a high-value target for adversaries seeking to intercept sensitive information that could fulfill a range of different intelligence requirements," Google's Black wrote.

Signal is not the only target. Russian groups have also targeted Telegram and WhatsApp users in the same way, Black said. He pointed to a recent Microsoft report on attacks by Russian group Star Blizzard (aka Coldriver, Blue Charlie, Callisto, and UNC4057) that targeted WhatsApp accounts belonging to current and former government officials and diplomats.

Significantly, attacks targeting WhatsApp can affect businesses as well. Although WhatsApp — like Signal, Telegram and other messenger apps — is primarily consumer-focused, numerous businesses worldwide use the app. WhatsApp even has a business version that it has positioned as a tool that businesses can use to engage with customers, accelerate sales, and deliver customer support.

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Russian Groups Target Signal Messenger in Spy Campaign

While AI-generation services and major camera makers are adopting the specification for digitally signed metadata, creating a workflow around the nascent ecosystem is still a challenge.

Source: Thapana\_Studio via Shutterstock

The effort to establish digitally verifiable images, video, and other content using signed metadata known as Content Credentials promises an internet where users can easily determine the source of media and whether it is authentic. An easy-to-use implementation of that vision is still under construction.

The brainchild of the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA), Content Credentials allow the signing of a metadata audit trail — a manifest — that accompanies images and other media. A photo could be captured with a smartphone, cropped and lightened with photo-editing software, and then compressed by a content delivery network. Content Credentials show each of those steps as part of an audit log, which provides people with information about whether the content they are viewing is real or has been somehow modified. The companies behind the standard include internet providers, software makers, device technology makers, and media giants.

In the last year, major camera makers — Canon, FujiFilm, Leica, Nikon, and Sony — announced support for the Content Credentials standard, but only a few models with the capability have hit the market. Leica has released its second camera with the technology, the Leica SL3-S. At this year's Consumer Electronics Show in January, Samsung announced its upcoming Galaxy S25 mobile phone will support Content Credentials, but only to label images that have been edited by AI. It will not label the original photo taken with the smartphone's camera.

And other major smartphone makers, such as Apple, have not announced support for the standard yet.

Meanwhile, computer-based editing software that supports Content Credentials is mainly limited to Adobe's products. As a founder of the content-authenticity movement, Adobe has extensive support for Content Credentials in its own products — such as a beta feature in Photoshop and tagging images generated with its generative AI service, Adobe Firefly.

Still, some islands of functionality have appeared: Images from OpenAI's DALL-e and Adobe's Firefly are labeled with Content Credentials tagging them as AI-generated, while end-to-end services, such as Truepic, use the technology in its platform to digitally sign and authenticate images.

It's a good start, but an end-to-end workflow requires more: Cameras or smartphones to generate signed images, support for Content Credentials in a wide variety of image-editing software, and the ability to view authenticated metadata on social media and websites.

"It is crucial to ensure that Content Credentials are enabled on all devices throughout the entire workflow—from capture to editing to sharing," says Nico Köhler, head of product experiences for Leica Camera AG. "This requires that all tools and platforms involved in the process support Content Credentials. ... Ensuring compatibility across the entire workflow is key to preserving the authenticity of the content."

**Where Does the Content Credential Work?**

Closed end-to-end ecosystems that incorporate the Content Credentials specification show the potential of the digital authentication feature.

Truepic, for example, essentially created its own end-to-end authenticated image service based on Content Credentials, allowing companies to know the provenance of images. Credit bureaus can request authenticated images of office locations to verify legitimate businesses, dispensing with the need for expensive on-site visits. Insurance companies can request photos of damaged assets from policyholders, avoiding deepfake and edited photos from claiming fictitious damages.

Because smartphones do not yet have the Content Credential technology embedded in the device, Truepic requires its app be used to take photos and video.

"We believe that unless a digital process is backed and secured by image and data authentication, enterprises will not be able to address or even understand the amount of fraud they are missing," says Mounir Ibrahim, chief communications officer at Truepic. "With widespread adoption of credentials, businesses will have a stronger foundation for detecting tampering and ensuring content authenticity, but they will still need a trusted verification platform that can ingest, analyze, and validate digital content at scale and within their environments."

**Interoperable Workflow is Still Not Ready**

While different manufacturers are releasing specific implementations of Content Credentials, creating an end-to-end workflow for images — from creation to editing to distribution to end users — continues to be a challenge.

In early February, for example, Cloudflare tackled one small part of a typical workflow, the content delivery network, announcing that its CDN service would preserve image credentials, even through automated compression and image resizing. Most current infrastructure inadvertently strips away the Content Credential or invalidates the signature by transforming the image.

The Cloudflare changes allow its Images service to add actions to the Content Credential manifest and re-authenticate using the company's credentials, Will Allen, head of privacy and media products at Cloudflare, wrote in a blog post describing the feature.

"When you use Images to resize or change the file format to your images, these transformations will be cryptographically signed by Cloudflare," he said. "This ensures, for example, that the end-user who sees the photograph on your website can use an open-source verification service ... to verify the full provenance chain."

The Content Credential ecosystem at work. A picture taken with a Leica camera is edited with Adobe Photoshop, with each stage documented in the credential. Source: Contentcredential.org/verify using Leica image

Yet, even companies that are forging ahead with their own services look forward to when the wrinkles in the interoperability are ironed out. Truepic's Ibrahim, for example, argues that greater support is the end goal.

"Although closed ecosystems and business processes are where our clients are deriving the most benefit today, we see this as the first step to a more authentic internet," he says. "Interoperable standards will be the essential foundation to a more trusted digital ecosystem and shared global economy."

**About the Author**

Veteran technology journalist of more than 20 years. Former research engineer. Written for more than two dozen publications, including CNET News.com, Dark Reading, MIT's Technology Review, Popular Science, and Wired News. Five awards for journalism, including Best Deadline Journalism (Online) in 2003 for coverage of the Blaster worm. Crunches numbers on various trends using Python and R. Recent reports include analyses of the shortage in cybersecurity workers and annual vulnerability trends.

Content Credentials Show Promise, But Ecosystem Still Young

The authentication bypass vulnerability in the OS for the company's firewall devices is under increasing attack and being chained with other bugs, making it imperative for organizations to mitigate the issue ASAP.

Source: Chiew via Shutterstock

Attackers are actively exploiting an authentication bypass flaw found in the Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software that lets an unauthenticated attacker bypass authentication of that interface and invoke certain PHP scripts.

Both the Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Security Agency (CISA) and security researchers are warning of increasing attacker activity to exploit the flaw, tracked as CVE-2025-0108 and first revealed in a blog post on Feb. 12 as a zero-day flaw by researchers at Searchlight Cyber AssetNote. PAN-OS is the operating system for Palo Alto's firewall devices; the flaw affects certain versions of PAN-OS v11.2, v11.1 , v10.2, and v10.1 and has been patched for all affected versions.

Patch info is available in Palo Alto's security advisory on CVE-2025-0108, which is rated as 8.8 and therefore of high severity on the CVSS. The company warned that while the PHP scripts that can be invoked do not themselves enable remote code execution, exploiting the flaw "can negatively impact integrity and confidentiality of PAN-OS," potentially giving attackers access to vulnerable systems, where other bugs could be used to achieve further aims.

Indeed, researchers observed attackers making exploit attempts by chaining CVE-2025-0108 with two other PAN-OS Web management interface flaws — CVE-2024-9474, a privilege escalation flaw, and CVE-2025-0111, an authenticated file read vulnerability — on unpatched and unsecured PAN-OS instances.

**Active Exploitation of Palo Alto Firewalls**

Threat actors apparently got the memo on the potential for exploit, as attacks on affected devices are on the rise. As of Feb. 18, 25 malicious IPs are actively exploiting CVE-2025-0108, up from merely two the day after its discovery was made public, according to researchers at GreyNoise. The top three countries for these attacks are the US, Germany, and the Netherlands, according to a blog post on the exploitation.

"Organizations relying on PAN-OS firewalls should assume that unpatched devices are being targeted and take immediate steps to secure them," Noah Stone, head of content at GreyNoise Intelligence, wrote in the post.

The increased activity to exploit the flaw compelled the CISA to add it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog this week and urge those affected to apply Palo Alto's patches for affected device versions.

**Why CVE-2025-0108 in PAN-OS Exists**

The flaw exists because of a common architecture present in PAN-OS, "where authentication is enforced at a proxy layer, but then the request is passed through a second layer with different behavior," security researcher Adam Kues wrote in Searchlight Cyber Assenote's post.

"Fundamentally, these architectures lead to header smuggling and path confusion, which can result in many impactful bugs," he explained.

Specifically, a Web request to the PAN-OS management interface is handled by three separate components: Nginx, Apache, and the PHP application itself. The researchers found that when the authentication by the requester is set at the Nginx level and based on HTTP headers, the request is then reprocessed again in Apache, which may process the path or headers differently to Nginx before finally handing off the request to PHP.

"If there is a difference between what Nginx thinks our request looks like and what Apache thinks our request looks like, we could achieve an authentication bypass," Kues explained.

The risk of exploitation is greatest if a network configuration enables access to the management interface from the Internet (or any untrusted network) either directly or through a dataplane interface that includes a management interface profile, Palo Alto noted in its advisory.

**Eliminate Risk by Patching Auth Bypass Now**

Palo Alto's network devices are widely used and flaws within them are often quickly set upon by attackers, making it imperative that mitigation for CVE-2025-0108 happens sooner rather than later. The best way to eliminate the risk of exploitation completely is to apply Palo Alto's updates to affected devices, according to the CISA and researchers.

Affected organizations also can reduce this risk if network administrators ensure that only trusted internal IP addresses can access the management interface, according to Palo Alto. Defenders can discover any assets that require remediation action by visiting the Assets section of the Customer Support Portal, the company said.

Palo Alto also recommends that organizations whitelist IPs in the management interface to prevent this or similar vulnerabilities from being exploited over the Internet.

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

Patch Now: CISA Warns of Palo Alto Flaw Exploited in the Wild

By taking several proactive steps, boards can improve their organization's resilience against cyberattacks and protect their critical OT assets.

John Cusimano, Vice President, OT Security, Armexa

February 19, 2025

4 Min Read

Source: Lev Dolgachov via Alamy Stock Photo

COMMENTARY

Boards of directors play an important role in managing the strategic risks faced by their organizations, particularly in sectors with high-risk operational technology (OT) environments such as energy, transportation, manufacturing, and production. Each of these industries relies heavily on OT — the hardware and software that controls physical processes and devices — to maintain safe, reliable operations, making them particularly concerned about cyberattacks. However, understanding and managing cyber-risks in OT systems can be challenging for boards, often due to the cyber-physical nature of OT and its integration with information technology (IT).  

**The Primary Obstacles Boards Face in Evaluating OT Risks**

One of the biggest challenges boards face is the wide gap between OT specialists and board members. Individuals with deep OT domain knowledge are often too far down the organizational hierarchy to directly influence board-level decisions. This disconnect can lead to a lack of risk awareness and understanding at the highest levels of the organization. 

Additionally, the chief information security officer (CISO), who typically manages enterprise cybersecurity risk, often lacks the specific expertise and training needed to manage cyber-risks in OT environments. OT systems have security vulnerabilities that are significantly different from traditional IT systems. This can result in OT cybersecurity being misunderstood, understaffed, and underfunded despite the potentially catastrophic impact of an OT cyber incident.  

To gain a true picture of OT risks, boards may consider appointing a dedicated OT cybersecurity leader to collaborate closely with the CISO. This role will often have executive-level visibility as well as the authority and resources to assess and manage OT security risks effectively. Just as companies have dedicated leaders for managing environment health and safety risks (EH&S) or financial risks, they also need specialized leaders for OT security. More companies are recognizing this need and are creating dedicated roles for OT cybersecurity leaders, signaling a positive shift in prioritizing OT security. 

**Three Key Strategies Needed for Effective Decision-Making in OT Environments**

Effective decision-making begins with recognizing that the consequences of an OT security breach are notably different from an IT security breach. While an IT breach might compromise data and financial assets, an OT breach can have serious consequences, including physical damage to equipment, disruption of critical processes, and even health, safety, and environmental impacts.  

To address these challenges, organizations must consider adopting a risk-based approach to OT cybersecurity. This involves following industry standards for OT risk assessment and management, such as ISA/IEC 62443-3-2, which provides guidance on partitioning OT systems into security zones and developing credible risk scenarios.  

By developing and analyzing risk scenarios, organizations can identify and prioritize the most serious threats to their OT environments. These scenarios can be ranked based on their likelihood and potential impact, using the same scale the company uses for ranking other risks, ensuring consistency and allowing the board to understand the relative importance of different risks in a broader organizational context. 

**How to Achieve Strategic Cyber-Risk Management Across the Organization**

Boards of directors that recognize the need for separate but aligned programs for IT and OT cybersecurity, each led by their respective experts, will be able to address the specific characteristics and risks associated with each domain. IT security focuses on protecting data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, while OT security prioritizes safety, availability, and process integrity. 

To confirm effective oversight and governance, boards can establish an OT Cybersecurity Governance Committee. This committee may include key executives from operations, engineering, IT, and finance, fostering cross-functional collaboration to make sure that OT cybersecurity is integrated into the organization's overall risk management framework. 

**The Board's Role in OT Security**

Boards and senior management must proactively address the growing cyber-risks in OT environments. This requires a multifaceted approach beginning with appreciating the unique challenges and risks associated with OT cybersecurity, including understanding the potential consequences of OT breaches and the importance of dedicated OT security leadership. Organizations will need to invest in building internal OT cybersecurity expertise and/or partnering with specialized external providers. This includes hiring skilled professionals, providing ongoing training, and leveraging external resources when needed.  

The next step is to develop a comprehensive OT cybersecurity program that includes elements such as risk assessments, vulnerability management, incident response planning, security awareness training, and continuous monitoring. The program will foster collaboration between IT and OT by sharing information, aligning security policies, and coordinating incident response efforts. With an evolving threat landscape, it's important to regularly review and update the OT cybersecurity strategy to confirm it remains effective, focusing on emerging threats, vulnerabilities, and best practices.   

By taking these proactive steps, boards can improve their organization's resilience against cyberattacks and protect their critical OT assets. Specialized firms can provide valuable guidance and support in navigating the complexities of OT cybersecurity, helping organizations align their security processes with business goals and achieve their desired security outcomes.  

Boards of directors have an important role in overseeing and managing cyber-risks in OT environments. By understanding the challenges of OT security, investing in dedicated expertise, and adopting a strategic and proactive approach, organizations can strengthen their defenses and safeguard their critical operations from the growing threat of cyberattacks. 

**About the Author**

Vice President, OT Security, Armexa

John Cusimano is the vice president, OT Security for Armexaan. He is accomplished business and thought leader with more than 30 years of experience in process control, functional safety, operational technology (OT) and industrial control systems (ICS) cybersecurity. John has performed and led hundreds of OT cybersecurity vulnerability and risk assessments and helped dozens of companies establish OT cybersecurity programs. He is a voting member of the ISA 99 cybersecurity standards committee. As part of that committee, he chaired the subcommittee that authored the ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020 standard IACS Security Risk Assessment & Design. He is the developer and primary instructor of multiple training courses on OT cybersecurity.

What Is the Board's Role in Cyber-Risk Management in OT Environments?

The campaign heavily uses Dropbox folders and PowerShell scripts to evade detection and quickly scrapped infrastructure components after researchers began poking around.

North Korea-linked threat groups are increasingly using living-off-the-land (LotL) techniques and trusted services to evade detection, with a recent Kimsuky campaign showcasing the use of PowerShell scripts and storing data in Dropbox folders, along with improved operational security.

In the campaign, dubbed "DEEP#DRIVE" by security firm Securonix, the threat group used fake work logs, insurance documents, and crypto-related files to convince users to download and run a zipped shortcut file that gathers system configuration information and then executes PowerShell and .NET scripts. The attack tools upload the system data to Dropbox folders and then download additional commands and capabilities for further compromise.

While the attackers showed some interest in quick financial wins — such as targeting cryptocurrency users — for the most part, the threat group focused on stealing sensitive data from South Korean government agencies and businesses, says Tim Peck, a senior threat researcher at Securonix.

"We observed evidence of both espionage and financial motivation, though leaning more toward espionage," he says. "This aligns with Kimsuky's historical targeting of South Korean government agencies, enterprises, and strategic industries."

North Korean cyber-operations groups have consistently targeted South Korea and the US, with South Korean government agencies and companies among the most popular targets. In September 2024, the FBI warned that North Korean groups planned to launch a surge of attacks against organizations with significant cryptocurrency reserves, and Kimsuky launched a similar multistage attack against South Korean targets last year.

**A Prolific Group**

Kimsuky isn't monolithic, but has five threat groups that have overlap with what other companies consider to be the same group, says threat intelligence firm Recorded Future. One group tends to focus on the healthcare and hospitality sectors, for example, while another focuses on cryptocurrency markets.

By mid-2023, Kimsuky became the most prolific North Korean group. (More recent data not available.) Source: Recorded Future's "North Korea's Cyber Strategy" report

The Kimsuky groups accounted for the most attacks identified as North Korean in origin between 2021 and 2023, according to Recorded Future's "North Korea Cyber Strategy" report. In 2024, the groups continued to account for a high volume of attacks, says Mitch Haszard, senior threat intelligence analyst with Recorded Future.

"These groups conduct high volume phishing campaigns, primarily targeting individuals and organizations in South Korea, while occasionally targeting entities in other countries," he says. "In the activity we see, these groups appear to be going for volume, rather than more time-consuming, tailored spear-phishing operations."

Other well known North Korean groups, such as Lazarus and Andariel, are not as prolific as the Kimsuky threat actors. While some of those groups are more focused on gathering sensitive information, nearly all also have a financial motivation.

**Thousands of Victims?**

In the DEEP#DRIVE campaign, following the compromise of a system, the Kimsuky group's attack scripts upload data on the system configuration to one of several Dropbox folders. While the Securonix researchers were not able to gather intelligence from all the suspected Dropbox locations, they uncovered signs of more than 8,000 configuration files, although some appear to be duplicates, Peck says.

While that means they likely came from the same victim organizations, the campaign appears to be quite successful, he says.

"There were two factors which contributed to the 'uniqueness' of the configuration file, the username, and IP address," Peck says. "Some usernames were associated with dozens of similar IP addresses, which could indicate lateral movement by the attacker — \[that is\], infecting dozens of machines from the same entity."

The data from a compromised system includes the host IP address, the system uptime, details about the OS type and version, any installed security software, and a list of running processes.

**Kimsuky Improves Its OpSec**

The campaign also highlighted North Korean cyber-operations groups' improvements to operational security. The group used OAuth-based authentication on its Dropbox folders, preventing traditional URL-blocking or network-based defenses from following the links. The threat actors also quickly took down components of their infrastructure soon after the Securonix researchers began investigating, Securonix's Peck says.

"This level of operational awareness is not always present in phishing-driven malware campaigns," he says.

For companies, the threat group's tactics underscore that the hidden file extensions should be disabled, shortcut files should be blocked from executing in user folders, and only signed PowerShell scripts be allowed to execute. Those three countermeasures make the attackers' activity much easier to detect, Peck says.

In addition, companies in targeted industries — such as cryptocurrency exchanges and government agencies — should bolster their email security and regularly train employees on how to spot phishing threats, says Recorded Future's Haszard.

"Most North Korean cyberattacks still start with social engineering and a phish," he says. "Companies should ensure that they have an email security solution in place and regularly train employees on phishing threats, as well as conduct simulated phishing tests."

**About the Author**

Veteran technology journalist of more than 20 years. Former research engineer. Written for more than two dozen publications, including CNET News.com, Dark Reading, MIT's Technology Review, Popular Science, and Wired News. Five awards for journalism, including Best Deadline Journalism (Online) in 2003 for coverage of the Blaster worm. Crunches numbers on various trends using Python and R. Recent reports include analyses of the shortage in cybersecurity workers and annual vulnerability trends.

North Korea's Kimsuky Taps Trusted Platforms to Attack South Korea

Acquisition strengthens Deepwatch Platform capabilities with actionable insights and risk-based prioritization.

Source: Gajus via Adobe Stock Photo

NEWS BRIEF

Deepwatch, an artificial intelligence (AI) and human cyber-resilience platform provider, has announced its acquisition of security intelligence solutions startup Dassana. Deepwatch plans to integrate Dassana's AI-powered risk and threat exposure management technology, CISO Copilot, into its Deepwatch Platform.

The integration will also allow CISOs and security leaders to get real-time insights into their security posture, said Deepwatch CEO John DiLullo in a statement. The acquisition will give Deepwatch's internal SOC operations and customers better tools around automation, compliance reporting, and proactive security management.

Dassana's products integrate with existing security infrastructure and aggregate and normalize data from various security tools to provide a unified view of an organization's security environments. Organizations gain real-time visibility into their security posture and can apply the actionable insights to expedite remediation efforts and enhance the effectiveness of security controls. CISO Copilot automates evidence collection for compliance, allocates resources based on business impact, and accesses real-time board-level metrics, allowing CISOs to make data-driven decisions.

"By joining forces with Dassana, our mission to democratize and make our AI capabilities available to companies of all sizes has taken a giant leap forward," DiLullo said. "We believe cyber-resilience should be available to all and that everyone deserves to conduct their businesses free from the scourge of cyber attacks."

Financial details of the deal were not disclosed.

**About the Author**

Deepwatch Acquires Dassana to Boost Cyber-Resilience With AI

Attackers are using patched bugs to potentially gain unfettered access to an organization's Windows environment under certain conditions.

Soure: T. Schneider via Shutterstock

A popular small to midrange Xerox business printer contains two now-patched vulnerabilities in its firmware that allow attackers an opportunity to gain full access to an organization's Windows environment.

The vulnerabilities affect firmware version 57.69.91 and earlier in Xerox VersaLink C7025 multifunction printers (MFPs). Both flaws enable what are known as pass-back attacks, a class of attacks that essentially allow a bad actor to capture user credentials by manipulating the MFPs' configuration.

**Complete Access to Windows Environments**

In certain situations, a malicious actor who successfully exploits the Xerox printer vulnerabilities would be able to capture credentials for Windows Active Directory, according to researchers at Rapid7 who discovered the flaws. "This means they could then move laterally within an organization's environment and compromise other critical Windows servers and file systems," Deral Heiland, principal security researcher, IoT, for Rapid7 wrote in a recent blog post.

Xerox describes VersaLink C7025 as a multifunction printer featuring ConnectKey, a Xerox technology that allows customers to interact with the printers over the cloud and via mobile devices. Among other things, the technology includes security features that, according to Xerox, help prevent attacks, detect potentially malicious changes to the printer, and protect against unauthorized transmission of critical data. Xerox has positioned its VersaLink family of printers as ideal for small and medium-sized workgroups that print around 7,000 pages per month.

The two vulnerabilities that Rapid7 discovered in the printer, and which Xerox has since fixed, are CVE-2024-12510 (CVSS score: 6.7), an LDAP pass-back vulnerability; and CVE-2024-12511 (CVSS score: 7.6) an SMB/FTP pass-back vulnerability.

The vulnerabilities, according to Rapid7, allow an attacker to change the MFP's configuration so as to cause the printer to send a user's authentication credentials to an attacker-controlled system. The attack would work if a vulnerable Xerox VersaLink C7025 printer is configured for LDAP and/or SMB services.

In such a situation, CVE-2024-12510 would allow an attacker to access the MFP's LDAP configuration page and change the LDAP server IP address in the printer's settings to point to their own malicious LDAP server. When the printer next tries to authenticate users by checking the LDAP User Mappings page, it connects to the attacker's fake LDAP server instead of the legitimate corporate LDAP server. This paves the way for the attacker to capture clear text LDAP service credentials, Heiland wrote.

CVE-2024-12511 allows similar credential capture when the SMB or FTP scan function is enabled on a vulnerable Xerox VersaLink C7025 printer. An attacker with admin-level access can modify the SMB or FTP server's IP address to their own malicious IP and capture SMM or FTP authentication credentials.

All it takes for an attacker to discover a vulnerable printer is to connect to an affected Xerox MFP device through a Web browser, validate that the default password is still enabled, and ensure that the device is configured for LDAP and/or SMB services, Heiland tells Dark Reading. "Also, it is often possible to query an MFP via SNMP and identify if LDAP services are enabled and configured."

The risk for organizations is that if a malicious actor were to gain any level of access to a business network, they could use the pass-back attack to easily harvest Active Directory credentials without being detected, he says. That would then allow them to pivot to more critical Windows systems within a compromised environment. "Sadly," he adds, "it's also not uncommon to find LDAP settings on MFP devices that contain Domain Admin credentials," which potentially could give a bad actor complete control of an organization's Windows environment.

"Since LDAP and SMB settings on MFP devices typically contain Windows Active Directory credentials, a successful attack would give a malicious actor access to Windows file services, domain information, email accounts, and database systems," Heiland says. "If a Domain Admin account or account with elevated privileges was used for LDAP or SMB, then an attacker would have unfettered access to potentially everything within the organization's Windows environment."

**An Ideal Scenario for Threat Actors**

Jim Routh, chief trust officer at Saviynt, says an attacker would need relatively sophisticated technical skills to exploit these kinds of vulnerabilities. But for those who can, the LDAP vulnerability enables access to Windows Active Directory where all administrator profiles and credentials reside. "It's the ideal scenario for the threat actor," he notes. Every device connected to the Internet has configuration options that offer … an attack surface for the cybercriminal."

Xerox has released a patched version of the affected Xerox VersaLink MFP firmware, allowing customer organizations to update and fix the issues. Organizations that cannot immediately patch should set a "complex password for the admin account and also avoid using Windows authentication accounts that have elevated privileges, such as a Domain Admin account for LDAP or scan-to-file SMB services," according to the Rapid7 blog post. "Also, organizations should avoid enabling the remote-control console for unauthenticated users."

Printer vulnerabilities are a growing problem for many organizations because of the rise in remote and hybrid work models. A 2024 study by Quocirca found 67% of organizations had experienced a security incident tied to a printer vulnerability, up from 61% the prior year. Despite the trend, many organizations continue to underestimate printer-related threats, making it a soft spot for attackers to target.

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Xerox Printer Vulnerabilities Enable Credential Capture

Winnti once used a variety of malware but is now focused on SQL vulnerabilities and obfuscation, updated encryption, and new evasion methods to gain access.

Source: KB Photodesign via Shutterstock

NEWS BRIEF

Winnti, a China-affiliated threat actor, has been linked to a new cyber campaign called RevivalStone, which has been observed targeting Japanese companies within the manufacturing, materials, and energy sectors.

Winnti has been active since at least 2012, but only started targeting Asian manufacturing and materials organizations within the past few years. 

The group's activity, according to researchers at LAC, notably overlaps with a group known as Earth Freybug, a subset of APT41, a well-known cyber espionage group.

In targeting organizations in the Asia-Pacific region, Winnti is exploiting vulnerabilities found in applications like IBM Lotus Domino to deploy malicious malware, including DEATHLOTUS, UNAPIMON, PRIVATELOG, CUNNINGPIGEON, WINDJAMMER, and SHADOWGAZE.

LAC researchers have also observed Winnti exploiting an SQL injection vulnerability in an enterprise resource planning system to drop Web shells on an infected server. Once gaining access, the threat actor collects credentials, performs reconnaissance, and delivers the Winnti malware.

This malware is an improved version, capable of expanding further to breach a managed service provider.

According to a statement by the LAC researchers, "The new Winnti malware has been implemented with features such as obfuscation, updated encryption algorithms, and evasion by security products, and it is likely that this attacker group will continue to update the functions of the Winnti malware and use it in attacks."

**About the Author**

Skilled writer and editor covering cybersecurity for Dark Reading.

Source

DARKReading