Facebook Marketplace Is Being Ruined by Zelle Scammers

This year, I decided to get rid of my Amazon starter couch and buy a real one. So I listed the generic, velvet-green futon on Facebook Marketplace, thinking some college students or recent New York transplants would happily scoop it up at a discounted price.

Since September, I have received many inquiries about this couch—nearly all from people who are likely scammers. They respond to the listing and offer me full price in Facebook Messenger from the jump (maybe my first clue, a real Facebook Marketplace veteran knows to haggle). Then, they ask some basic questions that are already in the item’s description: “Where are you located?” “What’s the condition?” Once I’ve repeated myself and given the cross streets closest to my home, there comes another refrain: The buyer either says they must pay now, so that I would take the item off the listing, or so that their husband/brother/son/mover, you name it, can come pick up the futon later that day.

Because it seems no real person would offer to send payment over Zelle before ever seeing that the futon is real, I didn’t accept any of these offers. If I did, it’s likely these people would have sent a phishing link—either as a text to my phone number or in an email—disguised as communication from Zelle, looking to drain me of more money than the couch is worth. For now, I’m stuck with this futon, folded up in the corner of my tiny apartment. So far I’ve been unable to use Facebook Marketplace for its intended purpose: buying and selling useful things among my neighbors.

What happened to me is just one example of the many ways experts say people are getting scammed on Facebook Marketplace. Some scams come from what looks like a seller listing big-ticket items that don’t exist, like a car, and asking for prepaid debit cards purporting to be for eBay and Amazon payments as down payments before vanishing. Peer-to-peer online shopping has always been a buyer-beware endeavor, but sellers themselves are being scammed too. A freelance writer from Australia recounted her own embarrassing story in The Guardian just last month, when she lost $1,000 while trying to sell a pair of boots after plugging sensitive information into a phishing link sent by a scammer.

Facebook is far from the only place scams happen—they’re common across many online selling platforms. But as its Marketplace has soared in popularity since its debut in 2016, scammers have sought to exploit the tool, experts say. Marketplace’s design supplied a layer of transparency and trust for person-to-person transactions; rather than interacting anonymously through a Craigslist ad, people were using profiles that typically included full names and photos. And with an existing Facebook profile, users could upload photos, write descriptions, and seamlessly post a listing with just a few clicks. By 2021, Facebook Marketplace had 1 billion monthly users, growing as ecommerce flourished during the height of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Now, bad actors are relying on that built-in trust to manipulate people out of far more money than their second-hand items may be worth. The scams have become a common feature of the app, and Meta, the $800 billion parent company of Facebook, hasn’t been able to shut them down.

“What happens offline often makes its way into online environments, and that unfortunately includes scams," Ryan Daniels, a Meta spokesperson, tells me. Daniels says the company works “aggressively to quickly identify, disable, and ban scams and accounts associated with them.” The company is also working on a new notification system to “help people better identify potential scams around payment apps" that should begin rolling out over the next few months. Daniels did not share more information about how those notifications will work.

Many scams and attempted scams go unreported, so it’s impossible to understand the scale of the problem. In a 2022 survey of 1,000 people in England, one in six said they were scammed on the marketplace. Another 2022 survey of 1,000 people in the US found that 62 percent had encountered a scam on Facebook. From January 2022 to November 2023, the Better Business Bureau’s scam tracker logged more than 1,200 reports that mentioned Facebook Marketplace in the US and Canada.

The scammers targeting me followed the same script: two messages from different accounts even included the same odd spacing format and just changed a word or two from each other, asking: “Alright I hope this is a legit post because I will be paying the $100 now so you can mark the item as sold my sister will come pick it up but I’ll send the money?” As more of these messages flowed into my DMs, I insisted on being paid in person, and the potential buyers vanished after one or two more wild excuses as to why that wouldn’t be possible. When I wrote “bye, scammer” to one, they replied with “lmao” just before I reported the profile to Facebook.

The scams follow similar patterns, because fraudsters conduct business like multilevel marketers, says Adrianus Warmenhoven, a member of the security advisory board for network security company NordVPN. Someone may develop a scam, then sell it as a toolkit with scripts and phishing links. People also can buy orphaned and hacked Facebook accounts, giving them access to profiles that look like real people with long account histories. Many of the messages I received came from accounts that were created a decade ago or more, showing that these aren’t new accounts created for the sole purpose of scamming people on Marketplace. “A lot of criminal stuff is not being executed by computer-savvy or even criminal-savvy people,” Warmenhoven says. Some of these tools, experts say, are sold on the dark web. But there are also chats on Telegram advertising hundreds of bundled bunches of Facebook accounts from specific countries for sale in bulk. Telegram did not respond to a request for comment.

Some scams encourage people to upgrade their Zelle accounts to a business tier to receive money from a buyer, according to the Better Business Bureau, and come from emails mimicking Zelle, but with different domains. That upgrade appears to cost $300, and the buyer promises to send it if the seller will then refund it. The catch: the $300 was never sent and appeared only in faked screenshots or emails. So, when the seller sends $300, they’re really just losing the money.

Zelle’s website notes that it will send emails only from domains ending in @zelle.com and @zellepay.com, and any others could be scams. The company did not answer more specific questions about Facebook Marketplace scams, citing an effort to keep intel from fraudsters.

Other scammers use Google Voice, asking people for their verification code—all under the guise of verifying that the person isn’t a scammer. But with that code, a scammer can then create a Google Voice number using the victim’s phone number, which helps them to conceal their identity for future scams. Additionally, it can help them impersonate someone and get access to their accounts, according to the US Federal Trade Commission. When asked for comment on Facebook Marketplace scams, Google pointed to guidance it posts for people to not share their verification codes, and the company has ways for people to reclaim stolen Google Voice numbers.

Experts say the constant evolving nature of scams makes them tricky for companies to defeat. “It’s a giant game of whack-a-mole,” says Zulfikar Ramzan, chief scientist with digital security company Aura. “They change something about the way they’ve done a scam. It’s really difficult for any organization to keep up with that volume at scale.”

Meta has continued to grow Facebook Marketplace even as scams linger. A 2022 ProPublica investigation found that Facebook Marketplace scams had run rampant and that the company was potentially understaffed to a degree that impeded its ability to stop scammers. In addition to in-house workers, Meta had contracted 400 Accenture workers around the world and gave each person more than 600 complaints or requests for help to process each day. Even worse, ProPublica found a number of alleged armed robberies and murders had occurred in relation to Facebook Marketplace meetups. Meta, Facebook’s parent company, did not answer questions about how it monitors scams now and the information in the ProPublica investigation.

Facebook Marketplace has evolved to more than just selling in the neighborhood. There are options to ship products after a sale, and some small shops have used the platform to grow their business. All of these different types of transactions bring different concerns about scams. Marketplace offers purchase protection, but it doesn’t cover payments made through third-party sites like Zelle, items picked up locally, or transactions conducted through Facebook Messenger.

I lost track of the number of people who seemed eager to scam me—I reported lots of scammers and then left chats, which disappeared. A few people may have been legitimately interested but dropped off early in the conversation. In the end, the frustration wasn’t worth the cash. I’m stuck with this couch, and there’s only one solution left. I’m heading over to another side of Facebook entirely: Buy Nothing.