Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed a new type of name confusion attack called whoAMI that allows anyone who publishes an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) with a specific name to gain code execution within the Amazon Web Services (AWS) account.
"If executed at scale, this attack could be used to gain access to thousands of accounts," Datadog Security Labs researcher Seth Art said in a report

New “whoAMI” Attack Exploits AWS AMI Name Confusion for Remote Code Execution

Pivoting from prior cyber espionage, the threat group deployed its backdoor tool set to ultimately push out RA World malware, demanding $2 million from its victim.

Source: KB Photodesign via Shutterstock

NEWS BRIEF

A recent RA World ransomware attack utilized a tool set that took researchers by surprise, given that it has been associated with China-based espionage actors in the past.

According to Symantec, the attack occurred in late 2024. The tool set includes a legitimate Toshiba executable named toshdpdb.exe that deploys on a victim's device. It then connects to a malicious dynamic link library (DLL) that deploys a payload containing a PlugX backdoor.

The threat actors in this case used the tool kit to ultimately deploy RA World ransomware inside an unnamed Asian software and services company, demanding a ransom of $2 million. No initial infection vector was found. However, the attacker claimed they compromised the victim's network by exploiting a Palo Alto PAN-OS vulnerability (CVE-2024-0012), according to Symantec.

"The attacker then said administrative credentials were obtained from the company's intranet before stealing Amazon S3 cloud credentials from its Veeam server, using them to steal data from its S3 buckets before encrypting computers," added the researchers, who hypothesized that based on tactics, techniques, and procedures, the attacker could be China-linked Emperor Dragonfly, aka Bronze Starlight, a group that has been known to deploy ransomware to obscure intellectual property theft in the past.

Symantec researchers noted that prior intrusions using the tool set were against the foreign ministry of a Southeastern European country, the government of another, two Southeast Asian government ministries, and a Southeast Asian telecoms operator. Each of these attacks occurred between last July and January, and all were espionage-related, with no ransomware component.

"While tools associated with China-based espionage groups are often shared resources, many aren't publicly available and aren't usually associated with cybercrime activity," said the researchers in a posting this week.

**About the Author**

Skilled writer and editor covering cybersecurity for Dark Reading.

Chinese APT 'Emperor Dragonfly' Moonlights With Ransomware

The open technology, which tackles disinformation, has gained steam in the past year, surpassing 500 corporate members and continuing to evolve.

Source: Tero Vesalainen via Shutterstock

When armed gangs raided a Haitian prison and released 4,700 prisoners last March, images and videos showing the violence and gunfire saturated social media around the world. Determining which graphic media was authentic — and marking those instances in a way that future viewers could verify for themselves what was real and what was modified — was a significant challenge.

Showcasing a solution to exactly that problem, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) launched its adoption of Content Credentials, a technology for attesting to the authenticity and provenance of digital content, by using the technology to verify a TikTok video of the attack. The BBC verified the location of the video and its likely veracity, but it determined that audio of gunfire had been added after the fact. The company then digitally signed the video so that future viewers would know the BBC had verified it.

Content Credentials — an open technology that aims to solve disinformation and media integrity issues — is being developed by the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA), a group of more than 500 media, software, and hardware companies working to create an ecosystem for verified media.

The BBC's adoption of Content Credentials is just one use case but an important one, says Andy Parsons, senior director of the Content Authenticity Initiative (CAI) at Adobe and a steering committee member of the C2PA.

"The BBC \[is\] declaring that — regardless of whether this is a photo or whether AI was used to do a photo illustration — you can be guaranteed that it came from BBC, and even that simple proof-of-date or proof-of-origin is something we don't have in media right now," Parsons says.

In 2019, technology and media companies created the CAI to find solutions to disinformation and ways for news organizations to authenticate photos and video. Two years later, six companies — Adobe, Arm, BBC, Intel, Microsoft, and Truepic — founded the C2PA to pursue an open standard for establishing the provenance of various types of media files. The two efforts eventually combined forces to advance Content Credentials, a digital-signature technology and infrastructure for verifying and authenticating media.

In the past year, Content Credentials and the C2PA gained significant steam, with the addition of Amazon, Google, Meta, and OpenAI to the steering committee and the adoption of the technology by several camera makers — including Canon, Leica, and Sony — and smartphone makers, such as Samsung.

Yet the ecosystem is still in its infancy, Christian Paquin, a principal research software engineer at Microsoft, told attendees at last month's ShmooCon 2025.

"You can imagine the situation in five to 10 years when this technology is baked in a lot of the trusted news and a hardware ecosystem that can produce these signatures and can be validated by the social media themselves or the browsers, so that we can really have trust signals to differentiate what's real and what's not," he said.

**Manifest Destiny**

Content Credentials have three main components: the media data, a manifest describing the data and any actions transforming the data, and a digital signature binding the two pieces of information together in a tamper-evident way. The manifest includes typical metadata, as well as some additional C2PA-accepted fields — attestations — that can describe additional attributes of the photo, its source, and the software actions used to process the data.

Based on public-key encryption and digital signatures, Content Credentials act as an audit log of every action performed on a piece of media. A photo could be captured with a smartphone, cropped and lightened with photo-editing software, and then compressed by a content delivery network. Each of those steps would be an attestation in the manifest of the signed content credential.

A video signed with a Content Credential shows that it originated with the BBC News Lab. Source: https://contentcredentials.org/verify

The result is providing an audit trail with each piece of authenticated content, which could help citizens and users better know what is fake and what is arguably real, Adobe's Parsons says.

"All the companies involved — and I would lump in civil society and some governments as well — have a real urgency to solve this problem," he says. "And while C2PA is not a silver bullet at solving misinformation, it does put in place a fundamental foundational layer that the Internet probably should always have had around trust, and this is a really nice clean way to do it."

Already, most makers of foundational artificial intelligence (AI) models — such as Open AI, Meta, and Microsoft — digitally sign all images created by their image-generation models with a Content Credential, indicating that it was AI generated or manipulated.

**An Evolving Standard**

The technology is not done, either. The C2PA specification has quickly evolved over the past three years, reaching version 2.1 in September. Among the new features are efforts to make the credentials more "durable" — in other words, adopting techniques, such as digital fingerprinting and watermarking, to indicate the provenance of images, even if they are manipulated after publication or captured from a screenshot.

The combination of signed metadata with fingerprinting and watermarking is powerful, Adobe's Purdy wrote in a 2024 analysis of the techniques.

"\[N\]one of these techniques is durable enough in isolation to be effective on its own," he said. "But combined into a single approach, the three form a unified solution that is robust and secure enough to ensure that reliable provenance information is available no matter where a piece of content goes."

Watermarks, fingerprinting, and Content Credentials can be a powerful combination. Source: "Durable Content Credentials," CAI blog

A number of technical problems remain to be solved. Journalists reporting on an authoritarian regime, for example, may want to remain anonymous and mask their location. Zero-knowledge proofs can help, allowing a name to be redacted and only the organization — BBC News, for example — to be shown or to generalize the location. ZK proofs allow an attribute to be signed, so a photo's GPS coordinates could instead be reduced to New York City or Kiev to provide a general location that hides the photographer's identity, and verified with a digital signature.

"This is an evolving set of certifications," Microsoft's Paquin told the audience at ShmooCon. "The main challenge is establishing who can sign certificates ... establishing PKI that is worldwide is a big problem."

**About the Author**

Veteran technology journalist of more than 20 years. Former research engineer. Written for more than two dozen publications, including CNET News.com, Dark Reading, MIT's Technology Review, Popular Science, and Wired News. Five awards for journalism, including Best Deadline Journalism (Online) in 2003 for coverage of the Blaster worm. Crunches numbers on various trends using Python and R. Recent reports include analyses of the shortage in cybersecurity workers and annual vulnerability trends.

Content Credentials Technology Verifies Image, Video Authenticity

Cybereason co-founders launch their second act with a security startup focused on offering a platform that uses agentic AI to offload repetitive tasks commonly performed by security analysts.

Source: Laurent Davoust via Alamy Stock Photo

The co-founders of EDR provider Cybereason have regrouped with a new security startup, 7AI, to help organizations shift the burden of performing repetitive and routine security tasks currently performed by human analysts onto AI. 7AI's Agentic AI Platform frees security professionals from time-consuming tasks, such as triaging alerts, interpreting signals, correlating telemetry, and hunting for known threats, says Lior Div, one of the co-founders.

Div and Yonatan Striem-Amit left Cybereason two years ago after Softbank took a majority stake in the company; they founded 7AI in April 2024. The startup, which emerged from stealth on Thursday, says more than a dozen companies, mostly large and midsize enterprises, are already using its Agentic AI Platform. 7AI also received $36 million in seed funding from Greylock Partners, Spark Capital, and CRV.

Div describes agentic AI as "swarms of AI agents" capable of autonomously taking on routine security tasks. Unlike isolated generative AI agents, these swarms can enable autonomous operations by pooling and communicating their intelligence to investigate and prioritize threats while optimizing system resources. A swarm of agents working in tandem means that one agent could be configured to discover suspicious telemetry in an endpoint detection and response (EDR) system while another could be configured to validate the potential threat by correlating cloud logs. Yet another agent could be configured to observe user behavior patterns in identity and access management (IAM) systems. 

"Instead of spending their time on repetitive work to respond to alerts, our early customers are able to start their work with full context, drastically fewer false positives, and the results of full investigations," Div explained in a blog post announcing the company's new platform. The platform documents how each agent reached its conclusions and can be reviewed at any time by human analysts.

7AI's agentic AI capabilities, which is hosted in the Amazon Web Services cloud, is built with generative AI tools from Open AI and Anthropic.

"When it comes to reasoning, we're using Open AI," Div tells Dark Reading. "But when it comes to actually implementing and writing code, we're using Anthropic."

**A Replacement for SOAR?**

The platform is not designed to replace security administrators and analysts but rather allow them to take mundane tasks off their plates so they can allocate their time to more strategic functions.

"AI will take away 90% of the boring, toiling work," Div says.

Besides handling repetitive tasks, 7AI's platform is designed to correlate telemetry without moving data into another system. For example, in a typical threat hunting scenario, the data would have to be pushed into a security information and event management (SIEM). Instead, 7AI correlates the information at its source. The platform can also detect threat activity and anomalies in IAM systems such as Okta, Div says.

"We believe our AI will meet the data where the data was born," he says. "You don't have to send a lot of those pieces to the SIEM anymore."

This could also reduce organizations' reliance on managed security and service providers or managed detection and response providers, Div suggests.

"We don't think that you will need a SOAR once you have our system because it will decide on the fly what is the right playbook to run and what type of investigation to conduct without the need for human beings to specify it step by step," Div says.

**About the Author**

Contributing Writer

Jeffrey Schwartz is a journalist who has covered information security and all forms of business and enterprise IT, including client computing, data center and cloud infrastructure, and application development for more than 30 years. Jeff is a regular contributor to Channel Futures. Previously, he was editor-in-chief of Redmond magazine and contributed to its sister titles Redmond Channel Partner, Application Development Trends, and Virtualization Review. Earlier, he held editorial roles with CommunicationsWeek, InternetWeek, and VARBusiness. Jeff is based in the New York City suburb of Long Island.

7AI Streamlines Security Operations With Autonomous AI Agents

New research highlights how bad actors could abuse deleted AWS S3 buckets to create all sorts of mayhem, including a SolarWinds-style supply chain attack.

Source: kovop via Shutterstock

Abandoned cloud storage buckets present a major, but largely overlooked, threat to Internet security, new research has shown.

The risks arise when bad actors discover and re-register these neglected digital repositories under their original name, and then use them to deliver malware or carry out other malicious actions against anyone still requesting files from them.

**A Far From Theoretical Threat**

The threat is far from theoretical, and the weakness is, in fact, incredibly easy to exploit, researchers from watchTowr discovered recently. The findings came as a follow-up to previous research they conducted last year on risks tied to expired and abandoned Internet domain names.

For the latest study, the researchers first searched the Internet for Amazon AWS S3 buckets referenced in deployment code or a software update mechanism. They then checked to see if those mechanisms were pulling down unsigned or unverified executables or code from the S3 buckets. The researchers discovered some 150 S3 buckets that at some time a government organization, Fortune 500 company, technology company, cybersecurity vendor or major open source project had used for software deployment, updates, configurations and similar purposes, and then abandoned.

To check what would happen, watchTowr registered the unused buckets using their original names for a total of around $400, and enabled logging on them to see who might request files from each S3 bucket. The company also wanted to find out what these users would request from the storage resources. To their surprise, in a two-month period, the S3 buckets received a staggering 8 million file requests, many of which the researchers could have very easily responded to with malware or some other malicious action.

Related:Name That Toon: Incentives

Among those requesting files from the abandoned S3 buckets were government agencies in the US, the UK, Australia, and other countries, Fortune 100 companies, a major payment card network, an industrial product company, global and regional banks, and cybersecurity companies.  

"We were not 'sniping' S3 buckets as they were deleted, nor employing any 'advanced' technique to register these S3 buckets," watchTowr researchers said in their report. "We just ... typed the name into the input box, and used the power of one finger to click register."

WatchTowr's analysis showed the S3 buckets receiving requests for a wide range of files, including software updates; unsigned Windows, Linux ad macOS binaries; virtual machine images; JavaScript files; SSL VPN configurations; and CloudFormation templates for defining and provisioning AWS cloud infrastructure services as code.

Related:Name That Toon: Meeting of Minds

Had the researchers wanted to, they could have trivially responded to any of these requests with things like a malicious software update, or a template that would have allowed them access to the requesting organization's AWS environment, or a backdoored virtual machine.

**A 'Terrifyingly Simple' Cloud Cyberattack Vector?**

"The main takeaway," says Benjamin Harris, CEO of watchTowr, "is the terrifyingly simple way by which hackers can create a major, SolarWinds-scale supply chain attack by abusing the relatively unknown vulnerability class of abandoned infrastructure."

While the study focused on AWS buckets, the same risks exist with any abandoned cloud storage resource that someone is able to find and re-register using the original name, according to watchTowr.   

"This is certainly not an AWS issue," Harris tells Dark Reading. "However, what is vital is that AWS customers understand that once a cloud resource is created, leveraged, and referenced in code — for example, in a software update process, or in a deployment manual or otherwise — that reference will exist forever," he says. The implications of that reference will survive in perpetuity as the watchTowr study showed, he cautions.

Related:New Essay Competition Explores AI's Role in Cybersecurity

According to Harris, watchTowr has tried to get AWS to stop allowing registration of S3 buckets under previously used names.

"We have repeatedly, like a broken record, shared our belief with the AWS teams that engaged with us that the most logical solution to the challenge here is to prevent the registration of S3 buckets using names that had been used previously," he says. This approach would entirely kill this vulnerability class — abandoned infrastructure — in the context of AWS S3 buckets.

"As always, there is likely an argument about the usability tradeoff, the ability to transfer S3 buckets between accounts, etc.," he adds. "But we do wonder if these requirements outweigh the impact we have demonstrated through our research."

**AWS Responds to Abandoned S3 Bucket Threat**

AWS itself quickly sinkholed the S3 buckets that watchTowr identified, so the attack scenarios the security vendor highlighted in its report won't work against the same resources, though the broader issue remains.

"The issues described in this blog occurred when customers deleted S3 buckets that were still being referenced by third-party applications," an AWS spokesperson tells Dark Reading. "After conducting their research without notifying AWS, watchTowr provided the bucket names to AWS, and to protect our customers, we blocked these specific buckets from being re-created."

A statement the person provided mentioned guidance that AWS has provided customers on best cloud bucket practices, and on using unique identifiers when creating bucket names to prevent unintended reuse. The company has also provided guidance on ensuring applications are properly configured to reference only customer-owned buckets, the statement said: "In 2020 we launched the bucket ownership condition feature and encouraged customers to use this mechanism, specifically designed to prevent unintended reuse of bucket names."

The statement went on to request that researchers engage with the company's security team before conducting research involving the company's services.

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Abandoned AWS Cloud Storage: A Major Cyberattack Vector

Funnull CDN rents IPs from legitimate cloud service providers and uses them to host criminal websites, continuously cycling cloud resources in and out of use and acquiring new ones to stay ahead of cyber-defender detection.

Source: Aleksia via Alamy Stock Photo

Researchers have linked the China-based Funnull content delivery network (CDN) to a malicious practice they've dubbed "infrastructure laundering," in which threat actors exploit mainstream hosting providers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. The activity involves threat actors operating "hosting companies" that rent IP addresses from these providers and then map them to their criminal websites.

Researchers from Silent Push discovered the practice when they noticed that AWS and Microsoft Azure cloud hosting services are "often seen in large-scale use by threat actors," according to the recently published report. Further investigation led them to the discovery that Funnull CDN, a Chinese company that already has raised suspicions for other malicious activity, has been using this tactic to host a network of scam websites.

Funnull has rented more than 1,200 IPs from AWS and nearly 200 IPs from Microsoft, according to Silent Push. While these have nearly all been taken down as of this writing, the company continuously acquires new IPs every few weeks, using them and then dumping them before defenders can identify the malicious activity.

"While providers are consistently banning specific IP addresses used by the Funnull CDN, the pace is unfortunately not fast enough to keep up with processes being used to acquire the IPs," according to the report.

Related:EMEA CISOs Plan 2025 Cloud Security Investment

The tactic is complicated to defend against because it blends malicious activities with legitimate Web traffic, making it difficult for hosting providers to block access without creating a disruption for legitimate users, one security expert notes.

"By utilizing major providers, the bad actors make it much tougher for organizations to block IP ranges because those major providers may also be providing legitimate IP addresses for important Web services," observes Erich Kron, a security awareness advocate at cybersecurity company KnowBe4. "This precludes the ability to block large chunks of addresses easily."

**Running Multiple Scams**

Funnull CDN hosts more than 200,000 unique hostnames — approximately 95% of which are generated through domain generation algorithms (DGAs) — linked to "illicit activities such as investment scams and fake trading applications," according to the report.

"Moreover, these activities are directly associated with money laundering as a service on shell gambling websites that abuse the trademarks of a dozen popular casino brands and which are available online today," according to the report.

Related:Name That Edge Toon: In the Cloud

The activity uncovered by Silent Push is not the first time Funnull CDN has been tied to suspicious activity. Last year, the company purchased a domain, polyfill\[.\]io, that more than 100,000 websites use to deliver JavaScript code. Soon after, it was found being used as a conduit for a supply chain attack that used dynamically generated payloads, redirected users to pornographic and sports-betting sites, and could potentially lead to data theft, clickjacking, or other attacks.

At its peak in 2022, Funnull CDN's investment scam infrastructure had thousands of active domains, according to Silent Push. In 2024 that portfolio was more "modest" but still had some active sites, including cmegrouphkpd\[.\]info, which recently went offline but for the past two years had hosted a fake trading platform abusing CME Group's brand and logo.

**Is "Laundering" a Misnomer?**

AWS has made a public response to the findings in the report, verifying some of them and taking issue with others. The company said before it received Silent Push's report, it was "already aware of the activity" and was actively suspending the fraudulently acquired accounts linked to Funnull CDN's malicious activity.

"All accounts known to be linked to the activity are suspended," according to an AWS statement included in the Silent Push report. "We can confirm that there is no current risk from this activity, and no customer action is required."

Related:Tenable to Acquire Vulcan Cyber to Boost Exposure Management Focus

AWS also noted that the term "infrastructure laundering" to describe the activity is a misnomer, since it doesn't involve making illicit activity "clean."

"By using that phrase, the report insinuates that AWS is the intermediary to make the abusive activity appear legitimate and thereby harder to detect or block," the company said. "That’s incorrect."

AWS did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Dark Reading.

A Microsoft spokesperson told Dark Reading the tech giant is looking into the activity described in the report. Meanwhile, Silent Push will continue to investigate related activity from Funnull CDN and other threat actors, and will provide updates when appropriate, it said.

Businesses need to review their cloud accounts to avoid getting caught up in the activity, too. KnowBe4's Kron suggests that threat actors aren't likely to set up an account with a mainstream cloud provider with their own information; instead, they are probably using stolen accounts. These account takeovers, in turn, likely involve the use of stolen or cracked credentials, making the use of multifactor authentication (MFA) another potential way to mitigate this type of activity, he says.

Kron adds: "Organizations should review the accounts with access, audit transactions, and educate people on how to spot potential malicious activity within their cloud accounts."

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

Chinese 'Infrastructure Laundering' Abuses AWS, Microsoft Cloud

"Agentic" AI could arrive in 2025, and it may allow hackers to send individual, AI-powered agents to do their dirty work.

A paradigm shift in technology is hurtling towards us, and it could change everything we know about cybersecurity.

Uhh, again, that is.

When ChatGPT was unveiled to the public in late 2022, security experts looked on with cautious optimism, excited about the new technology but concerned about its use in cyberattacks. But two years on, much of what ChatGPT and other generative AI chat tools offer attackers is a way to improve what already works, not new ways to deliver attacks themselves.

And yet, if artificial intelligence achieves what is called an “agentic” model in 2025, novel and boundless attacks could be within reach, as AI tools take on the roles of “agents” that independently discover vulnerabilities, steal logins, and pry into accounts.

These agents could even hold people for ransom by matching stolen data online with publicly known email addresses or social media accounts, composing messages and holding entire conversations with victims who believe a human hacker out there has access to their Social Security Number, physical address, credit card info, and more. And if the model works for individuals, there’s little reason it wouldn’t work for individual business owners.

This warning comes from our 2025 State of Malware report, which compiled a year’s worth of intelligence to identify the most pressing cyberattacks on the horizon. Though the report’s guidance serves IT teams, its threats will impact individuals and small businesses everywhere. Remember that just last year a widespread IT outage grounded flights globally, cementing the relationship between companies, cybersecurity, and everyday people.

In 2025, agentic AI may further reveal just how closely tied everyone is in the battle for cybersecurity. Here’s what we might expect.

You can find the full 2025 State of Malware report here.

****The generative AI non-revolution****

The November 2022 launch of ChatGPT ushered forth a new relationship with our computers. No longer would we need to use our laptops, smartphones, and tablets to record or assist our creative work. Now, we could make those same machines complete the creative work for us.

AI image tools like Midjourney and DALL-E can create images when given simple text prompts. They can even mimic the styles of famous artists, like Van Gogh, Rembrandt, and Picasso. AI chat tools like ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Claude—from OpenAI competitor Anthropic—can brainstorm ideas for marketing materials, write book reports, compose poems, and even review human-written text for legibility. These tools can also answer an endless array of factual questions, much like the separate AI tool Perplexity, which advertises itself not as a “search engine,” but as the world’s first “answer engine.”

This is the potential of “generative AI,” a term used to describe AI tools that can generate text, images, movies, summaries, and more, limited only by our imagination.

But where has that imagination brought us?

For unimaginative users, generative AI has made it easier to cheat in college classes and to abuse social media engagement algorithms to gain brief virality—hardly inspiring. And for malicious users, hackers, and scammers, generative AI has delivered oil-slick efficiency to proven attack methods.

Generative AI tools can more convincingly write phishing emails so that the tell-tale signs of a scam—like misspellings and clumsy grammar—are all but gone. The same is true for all text-based social engineering tricks, as AI chat tools can write alluring direct messages for romance scams and craft urgent-sounding texts that can fool people into clicking on links that carry malware.

Importantly, the attack methods here are not new. Instead, they’ve simply become easier to scale with the use of AI. But sometimes the AI pushes back.

With limitless, advertised potential, even tools like ChatGPT have boundaries, often precluding users from producing materials that could cause harm. In 2023, Malwarebytes Labs subverted these boundaries to successfully get ChatGPT to write ransomware—twice.

Because of these prohibitive rules, a set of malicious copycat AI tools can now be found online that will produce text and images that often break the law. One example is in the creation of “deepfake nudes,” which utilize AI technology to digitally stitch the face of one person onto another person’s nude body, creating fake nude “photographs.” Deepfake nudes have caused multiple crises across high schools in America, serving as a new type of ammunition for old weaponry: Blackmail.

The ability to create false text, images, and even audio has also allowed cybercriminals to create more believable threats when fraudulently posing as CEOs or executives to convince employees to, say, sign a bogus contract or hand over a set of important account credentials.

These are real threats, but they are not novel. As we wrote in the 2025 State of Malware report:

“The limited impact of AI on malware stems from its current capabilities. Although there are notable exceptions, generative AIs tend to provide efficiency rather than brand new capabilities. Cybercrime is a very mature field that relies on a set of well-established tools, such as phishing, information stealers, and ransomware that are already feature complete.”

That could change in 2025.

****“Agentic” AI and a new landscape of attacks****

Agentic AI is the next big thing in artificial intelligence, even if you’ve never heard about it before.

Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, and more have all begun experimenting with the technology, which promises to take AI out of its current chatbot silo and into a new landscape where individualized AI “agents” can help with specific tasks. These agents could, for example, more effectively respond to simple customer support questions, help patients find in-network providers with their health insurance, and even suggest strategy based on a company’s most recent performance. Microsoft, for its part, has already teased its AI agent that answers employee questions around HR policies, holiday schedules, and more. Salesforce, too, is investing heavily in agentic AI, positioning the technology as a personal assistant for everyone.

As we wrote in the 2025 State of Malware report:

> “If agentic AIs arrive in 2025, they won’t just answer questions, they will be able to think and act, transforming AI from an assistant that responds to prompts, into a peer, or even an expert that can plan out tasks, interact with the world, and solve the problems it encounters.”

The implications for cyberattacks are enormous. If put into the wrong hands, malicious attackers could ask AI agents to:

*   Search vast troves of stolen data to match leaked Social Security numbers with leaked email addresses, composing and sending phishing emails that threaten more data exposure unless a ransom is paid.
*   Scrape public social media feeds for baby photos that are delivered to other AI agents that create fake profiles that weaponize those baby photos as empty threats against a child’s safety.
*   Scour LinkedIn to create a database of potentially viable email addresses from countless companies by deducing the email address format—first name, last name; first initial, last name; etc.—from publicly listed email addresses, and then mirroring that format to write and send bogus requests from executives to their direct reports.
*   Comb through public divorce records across multiple states and countries to identify targets for romance scams, who receive messages and who can carry on with whole conversations composed and controlled by another AI agent.

These attacks threaten not only individuals but small businesses, too, as a vulnerability in a person’s device can become a malware attack on a network. The same is true in reverse—if attacks on companies become more accessible, then the data that people give these companies becomes more vulnerable to exposure.

Thankfully, where agentic AI poses a risk, it also poses a boon, as individual AI agents could be tasked with finding a company’s vulnerabilities, responding to suspicious activity on its network, and even guiding everyday people into safely posting online, searching the web, and buying from unknown retailers.

The truth is that AI is here to stay. There is already too much investment from the largest developers and companies for that to reverse course any time soon. So, if the threat is that attackers might harness this AI, then the foreseeable future will involve a lot of defenders and everyday people harnessing it, too.

**We don’t just report on threats—we remove them**

Cybersecurity risks should never spread beyond a headline. Keep threats off your devices by downloading Malwarebytes today.

 New AI &#8220;agents&#8221; could hold people for ransom in 2025 

Feeling creative? Submit your caption and our panel of experts will reward the winner with a $25 gift card.

Everyone's all about working in the cloud, but what's happening with these folks? What are they doing, and what do they want? Send us a cybersecurity-related caption to describe the above scene. Our favorite entry will win its wordsmith a $25 gift card.

Here are four convenient ways to submit your ideas before the Feb. 25, 2025, deadline:

*   Via social media: BlueSky (new!), Facebook, LinkedIn, and X.
    

If you win, we'll respond to you on the same platform, requesting your email address to send you the gift card.

**Last Month's Winner**

Shout out — and a $25 Amazon gift card — to Trey Rose for sending us the winning caption for January's "Greetings and Salutations" Edge cartoon. Some noteworthy contenders included "I guess that’s one way to prove you’re not a robot," "I always thought man-in-the-middle was something else," and "This has got to be your worst attempt at a Trojan Horse yet." A big thank you to all who participated.

**About the Author**

Cartoonist

John Klossner has been drawing technology cartoons for more than 15 years. His work regularly appears in Computerworld and Federal Computer Week. His illustrations and cartoons have also been published in The New Yorker, Barron's, and The Wall Street Journal.

Name That Edge Toon: In the Cloud

Nine application security toolmakers band together to fork the popular Semgrep code-scanning project, touching off a controversy over access to features and fairness.

Source: TippaPatt via Shutterstock

A group of nine application security service providers announced they would "fork" the popular code-scanning project Semgrep, creating a new codebase, after a series of moves by the eponymous startup made it more difficult for the firms to use the open source software in their own products.

The companies — Aikido Security, Arnica, Amplify Security, Endor Labs, Jit, Kodem, Legit Security, Mobb, and Orca Security — embarked on the initiative after Semgrep announced it had moved some capabilities of its open source engine into the startup's paid version. Dubbed Opengrep, the new project remains under the same license as the Semgrep Community Edition — the Lesser GNU Public License (LGPL) — but will restore advanced features and the ability to export data in JSON and SARIF formats, as well as create an open source database of rules.

The Opengrep initiative is intended to create a neutral open source project that is not owned by a single company and can be improved to suit the needs of enterprise users and the group of companies behind the project, says Varun Badhwar, CEO and co-founder of software supply chain security firm Endor Labs, one of the companies sponsoring Opengrep.

"We are all collectively funding this right now, but once we stabilize the project, our goal is to turn it over to the right community ... we don't want to — as vendors — own this long term," he says. "This is an interim step for us — to create something that is owned by multiple parties and not a single vendor \[that\] can overnight decide to make a change."

The triggering event for the open source split came on Dec. 13, when Semgrep outlined changes it had made to seemingly small — but nevertheless important — features. The company sought to further delineate its Pro version from the open source project by renaming the latter to the "Community Edition," clarifying that the license allowed only internal use of its ruleset and removing the ability of the Community Edition to export certain fields in common output formats, such as JSON and the Static Analysis Results Interchange Format (SARIF).

Essentially, the firm has pursued an open core model, where the core engine is made public using an open source license, but more advanced features are made proprietary.

"I feel that we've clarified what belongs in a Unix-style, open source tool for security practitioners versus what makes sense in a commercial platform," says Luke O'Malley, chief product officer and founder at Semgrep. "Features like platform-focused fingerprinting go beyond CE's core mission. As maintainers, we ask ourselves: Would the majority of the community see this as fair? That principle broadly guides what stays in CE and what is in our commercial offering."

**Freeloading and a Growing Gap**

The creation of the Opengrep project has created a kerfuffle among some application security specialists, with some criticizing the companies for forking, rather than financing, Semgrep's open source core. In many ways, it's part of a playbook where venture-backed companies use an open source project to launch their own products, argued application security specialist Mark Curphey, in a Jan. 29 column.

"\[W\]hy on earth would anyone fork a successful open-source security project with a vibrant community?," he said. "There are a lot of free-loaders in the world of software, companies who build on other peoples hard work, and that don't fairly contribute back to the projects that they are making money off. It's perfectly legal as long as they stay within the license terms, and sadly a fact of life."

He pointed to another application security project — the open source Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) used for dynamic application security testing (DAST) — which suffered similar commercial issues during its development, struggling to fund the maintainers of the project, even though "over a dozen commercial DAST services" used the open source codebase as the basis of their products. Application security firm Checkmarx ended up hiring all three ZAP maintainers and committed to funding the project, which formed the foundation of its own DAST solution.

In Curphey's mind, Semgrep's efforts have been taken advantage of.

"I think open source funding is incredibly complex, but this doesn't feel right, and it feels hypocritical to me for these companies to be doing this," he told Dark Reading in an interview.

**More Features for Opengrep?**

Endor Labs' Badhwar, however, argues that Opengrep will be a more feature-rich version of the code-scanning engine because Semgrep had slowly created a gap between its professional AppSec Platform and its open source engine — a common practice among companies that create open core technologies.

The creation of the Community Edition and the removal of some "experimental" features that the Opengrep companies considered valuable caused alarm among the commercial vendors who used the Semgrep engine as part of their service offerings, says Badhwar.

"There are several examples where the community tried to contribute things that would close the gaps in the open source version of Semgrep ... that the maintainers of the engine were choosing not to necessarily accept and include," he says. "I think it was becoming very clear ... that Semgrep's biggest competitor was their own open source engine, and so they were trying to create a bigger gap."

Opengrep has already financed two software engineers to work on the project and will discuss a road map during a Feb. 20 meeting.

This tension has played out with other open source projects as well. The open source search engine Elasticsearch, for example, had been developed as an open core project, but Elastic shifted the license in January 2021 to restrict managed service providers from using the software as the basis of their services. The same month, a group of Amazon Web Services engineers created a fork, OpenSearch, to give the community the ability to use an open version.

In Semgrep's case, founder O'Malley argues that the company has an incentive to keep the Community Edition well-maintained and strong, while the Opengrep team has not demonstrated their product will be an improvement. Two parallel projects is never ideal, he says.

"Multiple forks can create confusion, making it harder for individuals to know where to contribute and what’s actively maintained," O'Malley says. "That’s always a risk with fragmentation in open source. Our priority is keeping Semgrep CE strong, well-maintained, and growing. Developers and security engineers relying on it should feel confident that we're committed to its long-term success and a thriving ecosystem."

**About the Author**

Veteran technology journalist of more than 20 years. Former research engineer. Written for more than two dozen publications, including CNET News.com, Dark Reading, MIT's Technology Review, Popular Science, and Wired News. Five awards for journalism, including Best Deadline Journalism (Online) in 2003 for coverage of the Blaster worm. Crunches numbers on various trends using Python and R. Recent reports include analyses of the shortage in cybersecurity workers and annual vulnerability trends.

Code-Scanning Tool's License at Heart of Security Breakup

Discover how cybercriminals use 'Infrastructure Laundering' to exploit AWS and Azure for scams, phishing, and money laundering. Learn about FUNNULL CDN's tactics and their global impact on businesses and cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity firm Silent Push has identified a new cybercriminal tactic called “Infrastructure Laundering.” Researchers say this technique is becoming more common in the cybercrime world. According to Silent Push’s Threat Analysis team’s investigation, shared with Hackread.com, through this tactic cybercriminals are exploiting mainstream cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure.

This method allows threat actors to mask their illicit activities by renting IP addresses from these legitimate providers and linking them to their criminal websites. The FUNNULL content delivery network (CDN) extensively uses this tactic, revealing a direct connection to money laundering, retail phishing schemes, and various online scams.

For your information, infrastructure laundering is a form of cybercrime that involves criminals blending their malicious activities with legitimate web traffic, making it difficult for defenders to block access without disrupting legitimate users. This differs from traditional “bulletproof hosting” services, which operate in lax regulations.

FUNNULL’s operation involves renting thousands of IP addresses from major cloud providers, and then constantly cycling through them to stay ahead of detection.  FUNNULL, reportedly, rented over 1,200 IPs from Amazon and nearly 200 from Microsoft. Most of these have already been taken down, but new IPs are continually acquired. 

Silent Push observed that FUNNULL likely uses stolen or fraudulent accounts to secure these IPs, a process that remains largely invisible to outside observers. The connection between FUNNULL and money laundering services, retail phishing, and “pig butchering” scams, all hosted via this infrastructure laundering, emphasizes the real-world impact of this cybercrime tactic.

A supply chain attack earlier this year, where FUNNULL compromised the popular JavaScript library polyfillio, impacting over 110,000 websites, showcases the sophisticated methods employed by these criminal networks.

Further probing revealed a large cluster of malicious infrastructure, facilitating extensive cybercriminal activities, many orchestrated by Chinese Triad groups. This aligns with the UNODC’s 2024 Report on Transnational Organized Crime, which highlights “the convergence of cyber-enabled fraud, underground banking, and technological innovation in Southeast Asia,” researchers noted.

Moreover, the FUNNULL network of scam/money laundering websites is hosted on a combination of Western IP addresses owned by US companies and Asian hosting providers.

“FUNNULL CDN has been identified as hosting over 200,000 unique hostnames, of which approximately 95% are generated through Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs),” Silent Push’s blog post revealed.

Infrastructure of the entire campaign (left) – b69885com hosted on Microsoft infrastructure (Via Silent Push)

Researchers noted that Bwin, an online gambling portal, is being abused by FUNNULL with dozens of “Bwin-impersonated sites” found on Microsoft infrastructure. A spokesperson from Bwin’s parent company Entain has confirmed that these are fake sites. However, around a dozen other major online gambling brands’ trademarks are also being abused across tens of thousands of shell gambling websites.

Silent Push investigation into fraudulent IP rentals and the ease with which organizations like FUNNULL can repeatedly rent new IPs despite being linked to known malicious activity raises concerns. Researchers suggest that providers must track the specific CNAME chains used by FUNNULL and actively monitor newly rented IPs being mapped to those CNAMEs to effectively combat this tactic

Amazon, in a public statement, acknowledged the issue and confirmed they were suspending fraudulently acquired accounts. They refuted claims of enabling or profiting from such activity, emphasizing their commitment to investigating and stopping abuse.

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