#Windows Active Directory Certificate Services

**How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?** An attacker with Certificate Authority (CA) read access permissions can send a specially crafted request to a vulnerable Certificate Server. By default, only domain administrators are granted CA read access.

**According to the CVSS metric, the attack complexity is high (AC:H). What does that mean for this vulnerability?** Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires an attacker to win a race condition.

**How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?** An attacker with Certificate Authority (CA) read access permissions can send a specially crafted request to a vulnerable Certificate Server. By default, only domain administrators are granted CA read access.

**According to the CVSS metric, the attack complexity is high (AC:H). What does that mean for this vulnerability?** Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires an attacker to win a race condition.

**According to the CVSS metric, the attack complexity is high (AC:H). What does that mean for this vulnerability?** The attacker must inject themselves into the logical network path between the target and the resource requested by the victim to read or modify network communications. This is called a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.

Mitigation refers to a setting, common configuration, or general best-practice, existing in a default state, that could reduce the severity of exploitation of a vulnerability. The following mitigating factors might be helpful in your situation: A system is vulnerable only if Active Directory Certificate Services is running on the domain.