berriai/litellm version 1.34.34 is vulnerable to improper access control in its team management functionality. This vulnerability allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions such as creating, updating, viewing, deleting, blocking, and unblocking any teams, as well as adding or deleting any member to or from any teams. The vulnerability stems from insufficient access control checks in various team management endpoints, enabling attackers to exploit these functionalities without proper authorization.

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1.  GitHub Advisory Database
2.  GitHub Reviewed
3.  CVE-2024-5710

**litellm vulnerable to improper access control in team management**

Moderate severity GitHub Reviewed Published Jun 27, 2024 to the GitHub Advisory Database • Updated Jun 28, 2024

**Package**

pip litellm (pip)

**Affected versions**

<= 1.40.28

**Description**

berriai/litellm version 1.34.34 is vulnerable to improper access control in its team management functionality. This vulnerability allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions such as creating, updating, viewing, deleting, blocking, and unblocking any teams, as well as adding or deleting any member to or from any teams. The vulnerability stems from insufficient access control checks in various team management endpoints, enabling attackers to exploit these functionalities without proper authorization.

**References**

*   https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5710
*   https://huntr.com/bounties/70897f59-a966-4d93-b71e-745e3da91970

Published to the GitHub Advisory Database

Jun 27, 2024

Last updated

Jun 28, 2024

GHSA-qqcv-vg9f-5rr3: litellm vulnerable to improper access control in team management

A path traversal vulnerability exists in the XTTS server included in the lollms package, version v9.6. This vulnerability arises from the ability to perform an unauthenticated root folder settings change. Although the read file endpoint is protected against path traversals, this protection can be bypassed by changing the root folder to '/'. This allows attackers to read arbitrary files on the system. Additionally, the output folders can be changed to write arbitrary audio files to any location on the system.

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1.  GitHub Advisory Database
2.  GitHub Reviewed
3.  CVE-2024-6085

**lollms vulnerable to path traversal due to unauthenticated root folder settings change**

High severity GitHub Reviewed Published Jun 27, 2024 to the GitHub Advisory Database • Updated Jun 28, 2024

**Affected versions**

<= 9.5.1

**Description**

A path traversal vulnerability exists in the XTTS server included in the lollms package, version v9.6. This vulnerability arises from the ability to perform an unauthenticated root folder settings change. Although the read file endpoint is protected against path traversals, this protection can be bypassed by changing the root folder to '/'. This allows attackers to read arbitrary files on the system. Additionally, the output folders can be changed to write arbitrary audio files to any location on the system.

**References**

*   https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6085
*   https://huntr.com/bounties/d2fb73d7-4b4f-451a-8763-484c189a27fe

Published to the GitHub Advisory Database

Jun 27, 2024

Last updated

Jun 28, 2024

GHSA-9chm-m6x2-6fvc: lollms vulnerable to path traversal due to unauthenticated root folder settings change

With many popular apps, users must hand over personal information to prove their identity, and the big downside is they have no control over how that information gets processed and stored.

Source: Pamela Au via Alamy Stock Photo

Swaths of personal data and documents belonging to users of the world's most popular apps have been exposed online for well over a year now, and may have leaked to cybercriminals a while ago.

The company responsible for the leak, AU10TIX, is based in a suburb of Tel Aviv and specializes in identity verification via personal documents, biometrics, and more. Its customers include major companies like X, TikTok, LinkedIn, Coinbase, eToro, PayPal, Fiverr, Upwork, Bumble, Uber, and others.

Recently, a security researcher discovered exposed credentials that belonged to a network operations center manager at AU10TIX. They included the manager's passwords and tokens for various accounts, including an AU10TIX logging platform, where the company handled data belonging to individuals whose identities it had vetted.

**The Extent of the Damage**

The logging platform data included names, birth dates, nationalities, and images of ID documents such as driver licenses and passports.

Though the researcher limited his snooping, some data fields appeared to indicate the nature and purpose of the stored data, such as a chart with values such as "Impersonation\_XCorp" and "uber-carshare-passport."

He also found proprietary data from the innards of the company's verification tech. One table, for example, contained results of live face scans, with a field rating the "probability" that the user's face was "live" on a scale from 0 to 1. Others measured the authenticity of documents and photos of faces.

Crucially, the exposed credentials seem to have been sucked up by malware back in December 2022, and posted to Telegram in March 2023.

In statements to 404media, AU10TIX initially claimed that "a thorough investigation determined that employee credentials were illegally accessed then and were promptly rescinded." When the publication informed the vendor that the credentials were still exposed online as of this month, 18 months after the fact, the company said it would work to take down the exposed logging system. It also claimed to have notified affected customers, and highlighted that "based on our current findings, we see no evidence that such data has been exploited."

**The Catch-22 for App Users**

Customers today are faced with an unfortunate choice (if it can even be considered a choice). Whether it be a cryptocurrency or payments, social media or dating, in order to use popular apps today, you often must hand over extra-sensitive information and documents that prove your identity. At the same time, you don't have any control over how that information and those documents are processed and stored.

Is there no way to achieve app security without a cost to personal security?

"Companies can adopt several methods for verifying identities that minimize the need to store sensitive documents and personally identifiable information," says Jason Soroko, senior vice president of product at Sectigo. "One approach is tokenization, which involves storing tokens or hashed values representing the documents instead of the actual documents. This reduces the risk in case the storage system is compromised."

"Another method uses zero-knowledge proofs, a cryptographic technique that allows one party to prove to another that they know a value without conveying any information beyond the fact that they know the value. "This can verify identity without exposing the actual data," Soroko explains. "Additionally, decentralized identity verification leverages blockchain technology, enabling users to control their identity information and share only the necessary parts with services that require verification, thereby enhancing privacy and security.

"These methods, while enhancing security and privacy, require careful implementation and ongoing management to avoid introducing new vulnerabilities."

**About the Author(s)**

Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.

Authenticator for X, TikTok Exposes Personal User Info for 18 Months

The combined skills from Beazley's cybersecurity services team and Lodestone will go into the company's new managed extended detection and response (MXDR) service.

Source: Egor Kotenko via Alamy Stock Photo

Beazley Security went live this week as an integrated cyber-risk management company, providing a portfolio of services that include a new managed extended detection and response (MXDR) service. The new company is the result of a merger, originally announced in February, between insurance company Beazley's in-house cybersecurity services team and its wholly owned cyber security company, Lodestone.

Beazley Security plans to integrate the risk management services that are included as part of a Beazley cyber insurance policy with Lodestone's technical cybersecurity services. The combined company will provide integrated cyber preparedness and response capabilities. Other core offerings will include a lineup of professional services to help clients prepare for defense against cyberattacks, as well as incident response, forensics, and restoration after an attack. The MXDR service will also offer always-on monitoring and advanced capabilities to rapidly identify and contain threats, the company said.

The new company integrates the risk management services provided as part of a Beazley cyber insurance policy with Lodestone’s technical cybersecurity services. Beazley Security will offer cyber preparedness and response capabilities and invest in new services, such as a managed extended detection and response (mXDR) solution that provides around-the-clock monitoring, enabling rapid identification and containment of threats.

Beazley Security will be led by Alton Kizziah, currently CEO of Lodestone. He will report to Paul Bantick, Beazley's global head of cyber risks.

**About the Author(s)**

Beazley Security Launches With MXDR Offering

A report in March found that 72% of cryptocurrency projects had died since 2020, with crypto trading platform FTX’s downfall taking out many of them in one fell swoop.

Thursday, June 27, 2024 14:00

AI has since replaced “cryptocurrency” and “blockchain” as the cybersecurity buzzwords everyone wants to hear. 

We're not getting as many headlines about cryptocurrency miners, the security risks or promises of the blockchain, or non-fungible tokens being referenced on “Saturday Night Live.” 

A report in March found that 72% of cryptocurrency projects had died since 2020, with crypto trading platform FTX’s downfall taking out many of them in one fell swoop. This, in turn, means there are fewer instances of cryptocurrency mining malware being deployed in the wild — if cryptocurrencies aren’t as valuable, the return on investment for adversaries just isn’t there.  

But that still hasn’t stopped bad actors from using the cryptocurrency and blockchain spaces to carry out other types of scams that have cost consumers millions of dollars, as a few recent incidents highlight. 

In place of major cryptocurrencies, many bad faith actors are creating “memecoins,” which are cryptocurrencies usually themed around a particular internet meme or character meant to quickly generate hype. The most famous example, Dogecoin, themed after the “Doge” meme, was 72% below its peak value as of Wednesday. 

At one point, Dogecoin was at least worth something, which is more than can be said for most other memecoins launched today. Cryptocurrency news site CoinTelegraph found that one in six newly launched meme-themed cryptocurrencies are outright scams, primarily centered around getting users to spend real-world money to invest in currency before the creator just takes off with their funds. 

And 90% of the memecoins they studied contained at least one security vulnerability that could leave users open to abuse or theft. 

Singer Jason Derulo is even facing allegations that his “JASON” memecoin on the Solana blockchain platform is a scam after it hit a market cap of $5 million on June 23, and then the value fell almost immediately later that day. Separately, someone hacked rapper 50 Cent’s Twitter account to promote the “$GUINT” memecoin. Upon regaining control of his account, 50 Cent said that whoever committed the scam made $3 million in 30 minutes, with consumers putting money into the memecoin thinking it was legitimate, before the creator took off with the money almost immediately, leaving users unable to access their funds. 

Another popular scam still going around in this space is called the “rug pull,” where a cryptocurrency or NFT developer starts to hype up a new project to attract investor funds, only to completely shut down the project days or weeks later, taking investors’ assets with them. 

Blockfence, a Web3 security firm, found a collection of these scammers earlier this year, claiming they had stolen the equivalent of $32 million from more than 42,000 people across multiple rug pull scams. Unmoderated social media platforms have been rife for abuse for these types of scams, with semi-anonymous users with large followings finding it fairly easy to get a large amount of interest in whatever their latest “project” is in a short amount of time.  

The last example, I’m still not sure if it’s a scam yet. A new video game called “Banana” recently blew up on the Steam online store, even though it’s barely a video game. Users can open the game at fixed intervals and click a button to receive a “banana” in their Steam account. Some of these bananas, usually different artists' renderings of an image of the fruit, are extraordinarily rare and can be re-sold on Steam’s internal marketplace for real-world money. 

Some of these bananas have sold for more than $1,000, but most of the basic ones are only worth a few cents. To me, this looks and smells like an NFT. A former cryptocurrency scammer was once even connected to the project before the creators parted ways with him.  

I have no way of knowing any of this for sure, but there doesn’t seem to be any safeguards in place to ensure the creators of the game could rig it for themselves and give only themselves or close friends copies of the rarer items. And I’m not fully sure what the endgame is for the developers, since “Banana” is free to download and “play.”  

Thankfully, I’m not getting as many questions as I used to about NFTs and “the crypto” from extended family members. But just because it’s disappeared from mainstream consciousness doesn’t mean scammers have forgotten about this space, too. 

**The one big thing **

Cisco Talos recently discovered an ongoing campaign from SneakyChef, a newly discovered threat actor using SugarGh0st malware. SneakyChef uses lures that are scanned documents of government agencies, most of which are related to various countries’ Ministries of Foreign Affairs or embassies. Talos recently revealed SneakyChef’s continuing campaign targeting government agencies across several countries in EMEA and Asia, delivering the SugarGh0st malware, however, we found a new malware we dubbed “SpiceRAT” was also delivered in this campaign.   

**Why do I care? **

SneakyChef has already targeted more than a dozen government ministries across the Eastern Hemisphere. Based on the lure documents Talos discovered the actor using, like targets for the campaign could include the Ministries of Foreign Affairs from Angola, India, Kazakhstan, Latvia, and Turkmenistan and the Saudi Arabian embassy in Abu Dhabi. This actor doesn’t seem to be deterred by much, either, as their actions have largely continued in the same manner since Talos first disclosed the existence of SugarGh0st several years ago, using the same TTPs and C2.  

**So now what? **

Talos could not find any of the lure documents used in the wild, so they were very likely stolen through espionage and slightly modified. This could make it more difficult to spot lure documents and spam emails, so users should pay closer attention to the sender’s email address if they are suspicious of any messages. We also released OSQueries, Snort rules and ClamAV signatures that can detect and block SneakyChef’s activities and the SpiceRAT malware.  

**Top security headlines of the week **

**A cyber attack that is stalling communication and sales at car dealerships around the U.S. is unlikely to be restored by the end of the month.** CDK Global, the victim of the campaign, reportedly told customers that they should prepare alternative methods for preparing month-end financial statements. Car dealerships use CDK to conduct sales, process financial information, and look up vehicles’ warranties and recalls. The outage is affecting more than 60 percent of Audi dealerships in the U.S. and about half of Volkswagen’s locations, forcing them to switch to pen-and-paper transactions and contracts or to drop sales altogether. One sales manager of an affected dealership told CNN it could take “months to correct, if not years,” the financial fallout of the outage. CDK first disclosed two back-to-back cyber attacks last week, both of which occurred on June 19. There are already two class action lawsuits against CDK, with plaintiffs alleging that the breach may have exposed customers’ and employees’ names, addresses, social security numbers and other financial information. (Reuters, CNN) 

**The list of victims resulting from a data breach at cloud storage provider Snowflake continues to grow.** Australian ticket sales platform Tiketek informed customers this week of a potential data breach, though it was not immediately clear if it was connected to Snowflake. Retailer Advance Auto Parts also said this week that said employee and applicant data — including social security numbers and other government identification information — were stolen during the breach. Clothing chain Neiman Marcus also filed regulatory documents in Maine and Vermont disclosing that the personal information of more than 64,000 people was potentially accessed because of the Snowflake breach. This information could include names, contact information, dates of birth and gift card numbers for the retailer. Security researchers at Mandiant first estimated that as many as 165 Snowflake customers could be affected. Snowflake says that internal investigations found that the breach was not caused by “a vulnerability, misconfiguration, or breach of Snowflake’s platform." (The Register, The Record by Recorded Future) 

**Adversaries quickly started exploiting another vulnerability in the MOVEit file transfer software, just hours after it was disclosed.** The high-severity vulnerability, CVE-2024-5806, could allow an attacker to authenticate to the file-transfer platform as any valid user with the accompanying privileges. The vulnerability exists because of an improper authentication issue in MOVEit’s SFTP module, which Progress, the creator of the software, says “can lead to authentication bypass in limited scenarios.” A different vulnerability in MOVEit was targeted in a rash of Clop ransomware attacks that eventually affected more than 160 victims, including the state of Maine, the University of California Los Angeles, and British Airways. Managed file transfer software (MFT) like MOVEit are popular targets for threat actors because they contain large amounts of sensitive information, which adversaries will steal and then use to extort victims. The Shadowserver Foundation posted on Twitter on Tuesday that they began seeing exploitation attempts shortly after details emerged about CVE-2024-5806. (Dark Reading, SecurityWeek) 

**Can’t get enough Talos? **

*   Cisco Talos: How Threat Actors Target MFA 
*   MFA plays a rising role in major attacks, research finds 
*   SpiceRAT: Cisco Talos Sound Alarm Over New Trojan 
*   Hack your water and electricity! Myth or Reality? 
*   Multiple vulnerabilities in TP-Link Omada system could lead to root access 
*   Talos Takes Ep. #188: Everything we know about denial-of-service attacks in 2024 

**Upcoming events where you can find Talos **

**_BlackHat USA_** **_(Aug. 3 – 8)_** 

_Las Vegas, Nevada_ 

**_Defcon_** **_(Aug. 8 – 11)_** 

_Las Vegas, Nevada_ 

**_BSides Krakow_** **_(Sept. 14)_**  

_Krakow, Poland_ 

**Most prevalent malware files from Talos telemetry over the past week **

**SHA 256:** 9be2103d3418d266de57143c2164b31c27dfa73c22e42137f3fe63a21f793202   
**MD5:** e4acf0e303e9f1371f029e013f902262   
**Typical Filename:** FileZilla\_3.67.0\_win64\_sponsored2-setup.exe   
**Claimed Product:** FileZilla   
**Detection Name:** W32.Application.27hg.1201 

**SHA 256:** a31f222fc283227f5e7988d1ad9c0aecd66d58bb7b4d8518ae23e110308dbf91  
**MD5:** 7bdbd180c081fa63ca94f9c22c457376  
**Typical Filename:** c0dwjdi6a.dll  
**Claimed Product:** N/A  
**Detection Name:** Trojan.GenericKD.33515991

**SHA 256:** a024a18e27707738adcd7b5a740c5a93534b4b8c9d3b947f6d85740af19d17d0   
**MD5:** b4440eea7367c3fb04a89225df4022a6   
**Typical Filename:** Pdfixers.exe   
**Claimed Product:** Pdfixers   
**Detection Name:** W32.Superfluss:PUPgenPUP.27gq.1201 

**SHA 256:** 484c74d529eb1551fc2ddfe3c821a7a87113ce927cf22d79241030c2b4a4aa74  
**MD5:** dc30cfd21bbb742c10e3621d5b506780  
**Typical Filename:** KMS-R@1nHook.exe  
**Claimed Product:** N/A  
**Detection Name:** W32.File.MalParent

**SHA 256:** 9be2103d3418d266de57143c2164b31c27dfa73c22e42137f3fe63a21f793202  
**MD5:** e4acf0e303e9f1371f029e013f902262  
**Typical Filename:** FileZilla\_3.67.0\_win64\_sponsored2-setup.exe  
**Claimed Product:** FileZilla  
**Detection Name:** W32.Application.27hg.1201

We’re not talking about cryptocurrency as much as we used to, but there are still plenty of scammers out there

While Progress has released patches for the vulnerabilities, attackers are trying to exploit them before organizations have a chance to remediate.

Source: Color4260 via Shutterstock

Attackers appear to be pounding away at a couple of critical bugs that Progress Software disclosed this week in its MOVEit file transfer application, with nearly the same ferocity as they did the zero-day flaw the company disclosed almost exactly a year ago.

While patches are available for the new flaws, the big question now for affected organizations is whether they can apply them quickly enough to beat adversaries targeting their systems, especially with a proof-of-concept (PoC) exploit available in the wild.

**Patching Alone Is Insufficient**

Even those that might have already applied updates have more work to do because the original patch that Progress issued for one of the flaws does not mitigate new issues that the software maker discovered after the patch release.

The new MOVEit Transfer vulnerabilities are both improper authentication issues in the SFTP module. They allow an attacker to potentially impersonate any user on an affected instance and take control of it. One of the flaws, tracked as CVE-2024-5806, affects MOVEit Transfer versions from 2023.0.0 before 2023.0.11, from 2023.1.0 before 2023.1.6, and from 2024.0.0 before 2024.0.2. The other, identified as CVE-2024-5805, affects MOVEit Gateway: 2024.0.0.

When Progress first disclosed CVE-2024-5806 on June 25, the company assigned the flaw a medium-severity score of 7.4 out of a maximum possible 10 on the CVSS scale. Progress quickly upgraded that score to 9.1 after researchers at watchTowr discovered a vulnerability in a third-party component (IPWorks SSH) used in MOVEit Transfer. Progress described the issue as introducing new risks to organizations, including those that might have already applied the patch for CVE-2024-5806.

In an update to its original advisory, Progress urged affected organizations to install the patch and also block public inbound RDP access to MOVEit Transfer servers and limit outbound transfers to only known and trusted endpoints.

An Internet scan that Censys conducted on June 25 unearthed some 2,700 MOVEit Transfer instances online, most of them in the US. Internet scanning entity ShadowServer, which reported observing exploit attempts targeting CVE-2024-5806 almost immediately after Progress disclosed the flaw, identified some 1,800 instances online as of June 27.

**Relatively Easy to Exploit**

"Based on our understanding of the vulnerability, exploitation doesn't appear exceptionally difficult," says Emily Austin, principal security researcher at Censys. In theory, an actor would need to identify an unpatched MOVEit Transfer instance and know a valid username for accessing the service, she says. "While knowing a valid username might seem like a hurdle, a little OSNIT combined with watchTowr researchers' discovery of a method for enumerating valid MOVEit Transfer instance usernames makes this somewhat trivial," Austin notes.

The new flaws come a year after Progress disclosed CVE-2023-34362, a SQL injection zero-day vulnerability in MOVEit Transfer that ranked as one of the most widely exploited flaws of 2023. The Cl0p ransomware group, which claimed credit for discovering the flaw, was among the many that exploited it with devastating affect last year.

Affected organizations cannot afford to delay given how widely they are being targeted, says Mike Walters, president and co-founder of Action1. "The consequences can be devastating because these vulnerabilities allow an attacker to take over the server," Walters says. "With a CVSS score of 9.1 and a PoC available, the vulnerability will likely be added to the toolkit of leading APT groups rather quickly." If the companies that were attacked last time have not ramped up their information security in any way, the consequences for them could well be the same as last time, he warns.

Austin says CVE-2024-5806 is somewhat more complex than the SQL injection bug in MOVEit Transfer that Cl0p exploited throughout 2023. Even so, instance administrators should still take the new flaw very seriously and follow mitigation guidance provided by Progress Software, she says.

"We don't have a way to see exploitation or patch status of MOVEit Transfer instances, but we know that as of Tuesday, June 25, 2024, there are 2,700 MOVEit Transfer instances exposed to the Internet," Austin says. "This is very similar to the number of MOVEit Transfer exposures we observed around this time last year, suggesting that the tool is still widely used in spite of various security issues."

**Cause for Optimism?**

Despite the severity of the threat, there is still some optimism that the new flaws that Progress disclosed this week — especially CVE-2024-5806 — won't cause quite as much damage as last year's SQL injection flaw because patches are already available.

At this time, it seems unlikely that the exploitation of this vulnerability will be as widespread as last year's massive campaign exploiting CVE-2023-34362, says Paul Prudhomme, principal security analyst at SecurityScorecard. "That was a zero-day vulnerability, giving threat actors more time to exploit it before a patch became available," he says. "In this case, threat actors have less time because patches are already available; the most that they can do is take advantage of organizations’ delays in patching it, so this window of time is crucial to minimizing its impact."

Prudhomme reiterates that patching alone is not sufficient against vulnerabilities such as CVE-2024-5806. "A layered security approach, combining patching with threat intelligence and proactive risk management, is essential," he says. "Organizations can build resilience against evolving cyber threats by prioritizing a multifaceted approach to security.”

**About the Author(s)**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

MOVEit Transfer Flaws Push Security Defense Into a Race With Attackers

Wireless service providers prioritize uptime and lag time, occasionally at the cost of security, allowing attackers to take advantage, steal data, and worse.

Source: peter galleghan via Alamy Stock Photo

Mobile devices are at risk of wanton data theft and denial of service, thanks to vulnerabilities in 5G technologies.

At the upcoming Black Hat 2024 in Las Vegas, a team of seven Penn State University researchers will describe how hackers can go beyond sniffing your Internet traffic by literally providing your Internet connection to you. From there, spying, phishing, and plenty more are all on the table.

It's a remarkably accessible form of attack, they say, involving commonly overlooked vulnerabilities and equipment you can buy online for a couple of hundred dollars.

**Step 1: Set Up a Fake Base Station**

When a device first attempts to connect with a mobile network base station, the two undergo an authentication and key agreement (AKA). The device sends a registration request, and the station replies with requests for authentication and security checks.

Though the station vets the phone, the phone does not initially vet the station. Its legitimacy is essentially accepted as a given.

"Base stations advertise their presence in a particular area by broadcasting 'sib1' messages every 20 milliseconds, or 40 milliseconds, and none of those broadcast messages have authentication, or any kind of security mechanisms," explains Penn State assistant professor Syed Rafiul Hussain. "They're just plaintext messages. So there's no way that a phone or a device can check whether it's coming from a fake tower."

Setting up a fake tower isn't as tall a task as it might seem. You just need to mimic a real one using a software-defined radio (SDR). As Kai Tu, another Penn State research assistant points out, "People can purchase them online — they're easy to get. Then you can get some open source software (OSS) to run on it, and this kind of setup can be used as a fake base station." Expensive SDRs might cost tens of thousands of dollars, but cheap ones that get the job done are available for only a few hundred.

It might seem counterintuitive that a small contraption could seduce your phone away from an established commercial tower. But a targeted attack with a nearby SDR could provide even greater 5G signal strength than a tower servicing thousands of other people at the same time. "By their nature, devices try to connect to the best possible cell towers — that is, the ones providing the highest signal strength," Hussain says.

**Step 2: Exploit a Vulnerability**

Like any security process, AKA can be exploited. In the 5G modem integrated in one popular brand of mobile processor, for example, the researchers found a mishandled security header that an attacker could use to bypass the AKA process entirely.

This processor in question is used in the majority of devices manufactured by two of the world's biggest smartphone companies. Dark Reading has agreed to keep its name confidential.

After having attracted a targeted device, an attacker could use this AKA bypass to return a maliciously crafted "registration accept" message and initiate a connection. At this point the attacker becomes the victim's Internet service provider, capable of seeing everything they do on the Web in unencrypted form. They can also engage the victim by, for example, sending a spear phishing SMS message, or redirecting them to malicious sites.

Though AKA bypass was the most severe, the researchers discovered other vulnerabilities that would allow them to determine a device's location, and perform denial of service (DoS).

**How to Secure 5G**

The Penn State researchers have reported all the vulnerabilities they discovered to their respective mobile vendors, which have all since deployed patches.

A more permanent solution, however, would have to begin with securing 5G authentication. As Hussain says, "If you want to ensure the authenticity of these broadcast messages, you need to use public key infrastructure (PKI). And deploying PKI is expensive — you need to update all of the cell towers. And there are some non-technical challenges. For example, who will be the root certificate authority of the public keys?"

It's unlikely that such an overhaul will happen any time soon, as 5G systems were knowingly built to transmit messages in plaintext for specific reasons.

"It's a matter of incentives. Messages are sent in milliseconds, so if you incorporate some kind of cryptographic mechanism, it will increase the computational overhead for the cell tower and for the user device. Computational overhead is also associated with time, so performance-wise it will be a bit slower," Hussain explains.

Perhaps the performance incentives outweigh security ones. But whether it be via a fake cell tower, Stingray device, or any other means, "They all exploit this feature — the lack of authentication of the initial broadcast messages from the cell towers."

"This is the root of all evil," Hussain adds.

**About the Author(s)**

Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.

Your Phone's 5G Connection Is Vulnerable to Bypass, DoS Attacks

Researchers have found an online repository leaking sensitive data, including driving licenses and other identity documents.

A company that helps to authenticate users for big brands had a set of administration credentials exposed online for over a year, potentially allowing access to user identity documents such as driving licenses.

As more and more legislation emerges requiring websites and platforms—like gambling services, social networks, and porn sites—to verify their users’ age, the requirement for authentication companies offering that service rises.

You may never have heard of the Israeli based authentication company, AU10TIX, but you will certainly recognize some of its major customers, like Uber, TikTok, X, Fiverr, Coinbase, LinkedIn, and Saxo Bank.

AU10TIX checks users’ identities via the upload of a photo of an official document.

A researcher found that AU10TIX had left the credentials exposed, providing 404 Media with screenshots and data to demonstrate their findings. The credentials led to a logging platform containing data about people that had uploaded documents to prove their identity.

Whoever accessed the platform could peruse information about those people, including name, date of birth, nationality, identification number, and the type of uploaded document such as a drivers’ license, linking to an image of the identity document itself.

Research showed that the likely source of the credentials was an infostealer on a computer of a Network Operations Center Manager at AU10TIX.

Stolen credentials have shown to be a major source of breaches like those recently associated with Snowflake. Snowflake pointed to research which found that one cybercriminal obtained access to multiple organizations’ Snowflake customer instances using stolen customer credentials.

Another major problem is that these sets of credentials get traded and sold all the time. And it’s not as if when you sold them once, that’s it. Digital information can be copied and combined endlessly, leading to huge data sets that criminals can use as they see fit.

We’ve talked about the dangers of data brokers in the past. The California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) defines data brokers as businesses that consumers don’t directly interact with, but that buy and sell information about consumers from and to other businesses. There are around 480 data brokers registered with the CPPA. However, that might be just the tip of the iceberg, because there are a host of smaller players active that try to keep a low profile.

Either way, for any company and particularly an authentication company working with sensitive data, having such an account accessible with just login credentials should be grounds for serious penalties.

In a statement given to 404 Media, AU10TIX said it was no longer using the system and had no evidence the data had been used:

> “While PII data was potentially accessible, based on our current findings, we see no evidence that such data has been exploited. Our customers’ security is of the utmost importance, and they have been notified.”

For now, there’s not much that individual users of the brands can do apart from keep an eye out for any official statements, and consider an ongoing identity monitoring solution. Below are some general tips on what to do if your data has been part of a data breach:

**Protecting yourself after a data breach**

There are some actions you can take if you are, or suspect you may have been, the victim of a data breach.

*   **Check the vendor’s advice.** Every breach is different, so check with the vendor to find out what’s happened, and follow any specific advice they offer.
*   **Change your password.** You can make a stolen password useless to thieves by changing it. Choose a strong password that you don’t use for anything else. Better yet, let a password manager choose one for you.
*   **Enable two-factor authentication (2FA).** If you can, use a FIDO2-compliant hardware key, laptop or phone as your second factor. Some forms of two-factor authentication (2FA) can be phished just as easily as a password. 2FA that relies on a FIDO2 device can’t be phished.
*   **Watch out for fake vendors.** The thieves may contact you posing as the vendor. Check the vendor website to see if they are contacting victims, and verify the identity of anyone who contacts you using a different communication channel.
*   **Take your time.** Phishing attacks often impersonate people or brands you know, and use themes that require urgent attention, such as missed deliveries, account suspensions, and security alerts.
*   **Consider not storing your card details**. It’s definitely more convenient to get sites to remember your card details for you, but we highly recommend not storing that information on websites.
*   **Set up identity monitoring.** Identity monitoring alerts you if your personal information is found being traded illegally online, and helps you recover after.

****Check your personal data exposure****

You can check what personal information of yours has been exposed on our Digital Footprint portal. Just enter your email address (it’s best to submit the one you most frequently use) to our free Digital Footprint scan and we’ll give you a report.

 Driving licences and other official documents leaked by authentication service used by Uber, TikTok, X, and more 

The attacks infiltrate enterprise networks through browsers, and show an evolution in evasive and adaptive tactics from well-resourced state-sponsored actors.

Source: Rawpixel.com via Shutterstock

Three novel credential-phishing campaigns have emerged from state-sponsored actors that have compromised at least 40,000 corporate users — including top-level executives — in just three months' time, researchers have found.

The attacks target a range of industries and enter corporate environments through browsers, allowing them to get past network infrastructure security controls and cloud network services and demonstrating an evolution in capabilities on the part of adversaries, according to researchers from Menlo Security who discovered them.

The campaigns — called LegalQloud, Eqooqp, and Boomer — are characterized by their deployment of what the researchers call highly evasive and adaptive threat (HEAT) attack techniques that can circumvent controls such as multifactor authentication (MFA) and URL filtering.

Tactics used by the campaigns include bypassing MFA and using phishing kits and adversary-in-the-middle (AitM) tactics to take over user sessions; impersonating entities, primarily Microsoft, familiar to or associated with the organizations targeted; and using dynamic phishing links that make it hard for filtering technologies to track and thus detect.

"These are challenging new tactics, and security practitioners must augment controls and take care to address them immediately," according to the report. "These sophisticated attacks magnify concerns about the effectiveness of traditional network security controls such as secure service Edge (SSE), secure Web gateways (SWG), and endpoint detection and response (EDR)."

**State-Sponsored Actors Get Aggressive**

The campaigns are aimed exclusively at credential phishing, with evidence to connect them to China-sponsored threat actors who are targeting the US and private enterprise in "aggressive cyber espionage efforts, posing an alarming risk to national security and pilfering innovation," according to the report. However, though researchers have established some attribution to a group previously tracked by Microsoft as Storm-1101/DEV-1101 — known for its development of AitM tactics that are used in the campaigns — it's not entirely clear exactly to which nation the attacks are linked.

All told, the campaigns targeted more than 3,000 unique domains across more than 10 industries and government institutions, and six out of 10 malicious links that users clicked on were connected to some kind of phishing campaign or fraud, with one of four of phishing links getting past legacy URL filtering, the researchers found.

Overall, this activity demonstrates how "nation-state cyber actors are constantly refining their methods to make their attacks more sophisticated and adaptable," notes Patrick Tiquet, vice president, security and architecture, at Keeper Security. This, in turn, means enterprises must accept that "adapting cybersecurity strategies is an ongoing process that demands flexibility and agility," he says.

**Specific Credential-Stealing Campaigns**

Though the campaigns have similarities, each has its own unique set of targets and tactics, all with the ultimate goal of extracting credentials from corporate users for further malicious purposes, primarily cyber-espionage.

LegalQloud, so-named because it impersonates legal firms to steal Microsoft credentials, targeted 500 enterprises in 90 days and is exclusively hosted on Tencent Cloud, which is from the largest Internet company in China. This hosting enables the URLs to bypass traditional categorization and allow-list controls, the researchers said.

Eqooqp has been targeting multiple government and private sector organizations — including logistics, finance, petroleum, manufacturing, higher education, and research firms — with AitM attacks that can defeat MFA. Menlo found nearly 50,000 attacks associated with the campaign, which uses malicious HTML attachments or links to pages that mimic Microsoft to phish credentials.

Another phishing campaign, Boomer, is especially intricate, targeting the government and healthcare sectors with advanced evasive techniques that include dynamic phishing sites, custom HTTP headers, tracking cookies, bot-detection countermeasures, encrypted code, and server-side generated phishing pages.

"Boomer uses server-side generated phishing pages for rapid campaign deployment and modification, enhancing the campaign’s ability to evade traditional security tools, indicating a higher level of skill," according to the report. "Boomer also includes properly configured security headers, such as X-XSS-Protection, and uses legitimate libraries, like Font Awesome for icons."

The campaign's Web application also employs a hidden iframe that's designed to detect bots and scan automation as a further advanced evasion tactic, the researchers found.

**Demand for Stronger Defense**

What all this amounts to is that organizations continue to have their work cut out for them to keep up with the evolving nature of attacks, especially from well-resourced state-sponsored actors, security experts say.

AitM attacks in particular — in which attackers deploy a proxy server between a target user and the website the user wishes to visit — "are the future of cybercrime," notes one security expert, and will be a particular thorn in the side of organizations' security strategies going forward.

"\[They\] are extremely effective and much harder to trace and prevent compared to traditional social engineering attacks," says Mika Aalto, co-founder and CEO at human risk management platform firm Hoxhunt.

And while they historically have been technically difficult to achieve for attackers, their recent prevalence shows that threat actors are quickly navigating this barrier, which will bring on "a wave of serious breaches from AitM-integrated credential harvesters, BECs, and ransomware," he says.

"The bottom line is, you have to accept that some attacks will get through to your users and thus you must do your best to prepare them for that fateful moment," Aalto says. "Security awareness and phishing training must keep pace with the latest threats so that people understand AitM and dynamic phishing, and they know how to spot these attacks and stay safe. Indeed, as cybersecurity is now a matter of national security and not just about protecting an organization's own data, it must be treated with the highest priority," Tiquet observes.

This requires organizations to embrace a zero-trust framework that "must evolve alongside technological advancements, workflow changes and shifts in the threat landscape," Tiquet says, and be continually refined and adapted "to ensure it remains effective in mitigating risks and protecting sensitive information."

**About the Author(s)**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

China-Sponsored Attackers Target 40K Corporate Users in 90 Days

CISA outlines how modern cybersecurity relies on network visibility to defend against threats and scams.

Source: The X FilePhoto via Adope Stock Photo

The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), along with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and similar entities in New Zealand, has issued guidance on modern approaches to network access security. With the growing number of breaches and data incidents, organizations need to be thinking about, and planning to adopt, modern firewall and network access management technologies to gain visibility over the network.

CISA lays out three specific approaches its guidance: zero trust, secure service edge (SSE), and secure access service edge (SASE). The guidance also tackles remote access, virtual private network (VPN) deployment, and remote access misconfiguration, as well as threats and vulnerabilities associated with VPN and conventional remote access deployments.

*   Zero trust: Based on the principle "never trust, always verify," the zero-trust approach focuses on making sure users are authenticated, authorized, and validated before providing access to data and applications. Implementing zero trust can cut the risk of data breaches by around 50%, CISA said.
    
*   SSE: SSE combines features such as cloud access security brokers (CASBs), secure Web gateways (SWGs), and zero-trust network access (ZTNA). Organizations using SSE witnessed a 40% reduction in security incidents and a 30% improvement in network performance, CISA said.
    
*   SASE: SASE broadens SSE's functionality to provide users with secure, optimized access to data and applications, regardless of their physical locations. Deploying SASE improves network agility by 35% and reduces operational costs by 25%, according to CISA.
    

**Network Best Practices**

CISA and its partners also recommended ways to optimize network security:

*   Continuous monitoring and assessment: Organizations need to implement continuous monitoring to identify user activity and network traffic to detect and respond to threats in real time.
    
*   Multifactor authentication (MFA): As several recent breaches have shown, adding MFA for an extra layer of user authentication will help block many security threats.
    
*   Regular security audits: Look for vulnerabilities by conducting regular security audits and penetration testing on the network.
    

**About the Author(s)**

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