Posted by naruse on 25 Dec 2022

We are pleased to announce the release of Ruby 3.2.0. Ruby 3.2 adds many features and performance improvements.

WASI based WebAssembly support

This is an initial port of WASI based WebAssembly support. This enables a CRuby binary to be available on a Web browser, a Serverless Edge environment, or other kinds of WebAssembly/WASI embedders. Currently this port passes basic and bootstrap test suites not using the Thread API.

Background

WebAssembly (Wasm) was originally introduced to run programs safely and fast in web browsers. But its objective - running programs efficiently with security on various environment - is long wanted not only for web but also by general applications.

WASI (The WebAssembly System Interface) is designed for such use cases. Though such applications need to communicate with operating systems, WebAssembly runs on a virtual machine which didn’t have a system interface. WASI standardizes it.

WebAssembly/WASI support in Ruby intends to leverage those projects. It enables Ruby developers to write applications which run on such promised platforms.

Use case

This support encourages developers to utilize CRuby in a WebAssembly environment. An example use case is TryRuby playground’s CRuby support. Now you can try original CRuby in your web browser.

Technical points

Today’s WASI and WebAssembly itself is missing some features to implement Fiber, exception, and GC because it’s still evolving, and also for security reasons. So CRuby fills the gap by using Asyncify, which is a binary transformation technique to control execution in userland.

In addition, we built a VFS on top of WASI so that we can easily pack Ruby apps into a single .wasm file. This makes distribution of Ruby apps a bit easier.

Related links

• Add WASI based WebAssembly support #5407
• An Update on WebAssembly/WASI Support in Ruby

Production-ready YJIT

• YJIT is no longer experimental
  • Has been tested on production workloads for over a year and proven to be quite stable.
• YJIT now supports both x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs on Linux, MacOS, BSD and other UNIX platforms.
  • This release brings support for Apple M1/M2, AWS Graviton, Raspberry Pi 4 and more.
• Building YJIT now requires Rust 1.58.0+. [Feature #18481]
  • In order to ensure that CRuby is built with YJIT, please install rustc >= 1.58.0 before running the ./configure script.
  • Please reach out to the YJIT team should you run into any issues.
• The YJIT 3.2 release is faster than 3.1, and has about 1/3 as much memory overhead.
  • Overall YJIT is 41% faster (geometric mean) than the Ruby interpreter on yjit-bench.
  • Physical memory for JIT code is lazily allocated. Unlike Ruby 3.1, the RSS of a Ruby process is minimized because virtual memory pages allocated by --yjit-exec-mem-size will not be mapped to physical memory pages until actually utilized by JIT code.
  • Introduce Code GC that frees all code pages when the memory consumption by JIT code reaches --yjit-exec-mem-size.
  • RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats returns Code GC metrics in addition to existing inline_code_size and outlined_code_size keys: code_gc_count, live_page_count, freed_page_count, and freed_code_size.
• Most of the statistics produced by RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats are now available in release builds.
  • Simply run ruby with --yjit-stats to compute and dump stats (incurs some run-time overhead).
• YJIT is now optimized to take advantage of object shapes. [Feature #18776]
• Take advantage of finer-grained constant invalidation to invalidate less code when defining new constants. [Feature #18589]
• The default --yjit-exec-mem-size is changed to 64 (MiB).
• The default --yjit-call-threshold is changed to 30.

Regexp improvements against ReDoS

It is known that Regexp matching may take unexpectedly long. If your code attempts to match a possibly inefficient Regexp against an untrusted input, an attacker may exploit it for efficient Denial of Service (so-called Regular expression DoS, or ReDoS).

We have introduced two improvements that significantly mitigate ReDoS.

Improved Regexp matching algorithm

Since Ruby 3.2, Regexp’s matching algorithm has been greatly improved by using a memoization technique.

# This match takes 10 sec. in Ruby 3.1, and 0.003 sec. in Ruby 3.2

/^a*b?a*$/ =~ "a" * 50000 + "x"

The improved matching algorithm allows most Regexp matching (about 90% in our experiments) to be completed in linear time.

This optimization may consume memory proportional to the input length for each match. We expect no practical problems to arise because this memory allocation is usually delayed, and a normal Regexp match should consume at most 10 times as much memory as the input length. If you run out of memory when matching Regexps in a real-world application, please report it.

The original proposal is https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19104

Regexp timeout

The optimization above cannot be applied to some kind of regular expressions, such as those including advanced features (e.g., back-references or look-around), or with a huge fixed number of repetitions. As a fallback measure, a timeout feature for Regexp matches is also introduced.

Regexp.timeout = 1.0

/^a*b?a*()\1$/ =~ "a" * 50000 + "x"
#=> Regexp::TimeoutError is raised in one second

Note that Regexp.timeout is a global configuration. If you want to use different timeout settings for some special Regexps, you may want to use the timeout keyword for Regexp.new.

Regexp.timeout = 1.0

# This regexp has no timeout
long_time_re = Regexp.new('^a*b?a*()\1$', timeout: Float::INFINITY)

long_time_re =~ "a" * 50000 + "x" # never interrupted

The original proposal is https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17837.

Other Notable New Features****SyntaxSuggest

• The feature of syntax_suggest (formerly dead_end) is integrated into Ruby. This helps you find the position of errors such as missing or superfluous ends, to get you back on your way faster, such as in the following example:

  Unmatched `end', missing keyword (`do', `def`, `if`, etc.) ?
  
    1  class Dog
  > 2    defbark
  > 3    end
    4  end
  

  [Feature #18159]

ErrorHighlight

• Now it points at the relevant argument(s) for TypeError and ArgumentError

  test.rb:2:in `+’: nil can’t be coerced into Integer (TypeError)

  sum = ary[0] + ary[1] ^^^^^^

Language

• Anonymous rest and keyword rest arguments can now be passed as arguments, instead of just used in method parameters. [Feature #18351]

    def foo(*)
      bar(*)
    end
    def baz(**)
      quux(**)
    end
  

• A proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords will no longer autosplat. [Bug #18633]

  proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2])
  # Ruby 3.1 and before
  # => 1
  # Ruby 3.2 and after
  # => [1, 2]
  

• Constant assignment evaluation order for constants set on explicit objects has been made consistent with single attribute assignment evaluation order. With this code:

  foo is now called before baz. Similarly, for multiple assignments to constants, left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this code:

      foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
  

  The following evaluation order is now used:

  1. foo1
  2. foo2
  3. baz1
  4. baz2

  [Bug #15928]

• The find pattern is no longer experimental. [Feature #18585]

• Methods taking a rest parameter (like args) and wishing to delegate keyword arguments through foo(args) must now be marked with ruby2_keywords (if not already the case). In other words, all methods wishing to delegate keyword arguments through *args must now be marked with ruby2_keywords, with no exception. This will make it easier to transition to other ways of delegation once a library can require Ruby 3+. Previously, the ruby2_keywords flag was kept if the receiving method took *args, but this was a bug and an inconsistency. A good technique to find potentially missing ruby2_keywords is to run the test suite, find the last method which must receive keyword arguments for each place where the test suite fails, and use puts nil, caller, nil there. Then check that each method/block on the call chain which must delegate keywords is correctly marked with ruby2_keywords. [Bug #18625] [Bug #16466]

    def target(**kw)
    end
  
    # Accidentally worked without ruby2_keywords in Ruby 2.7-3.1, ruby2_keywords
    # needed in 3.2+. Just like (*args, **kwargs) or (...) would be needed on
    # both #foo and #bar when migrating away from ruby2_keywords.
    ruby2_keywords def bar(*args)
      target(*args)
    end
  
    ruby2_keywords def foo(*args)
      bar(*args)
    end
  
    foo(k: 1)
  

Performance improvements****MJIT

• The MJIT compiler is re-implemented in Ruby as ruby_vm/mjit/compiler.
• MJIT compiler is executed under a forked process instead of doing it in a native thread called MJIT worker. [Feature #18968]
  • As a result, Microsoft Visual Studio (MSWIN) is no longer supported.
• MinGW is no longer supported. [Feature #18824]
• Rename --mjit-min-calls to --mjit-call-threshold.
• Change default --mjit-max-cache back from 10000 to 100.

PubGrub

• Bundler 2.4 now uses PubGrub resolver instead of Molinillo.

  • PubGrub is the next generation solving algorithm used by pub package manager for the Dart programming language.
  • You may get different resolution result after this change. Please report such cases to RubyGems/Bundler issues

• RubyGems still uses Molinillo resolver in Ruby 3.2. We plan to replace it with PubGrub in the future.

Other notable changes since 3.1

• Data

  • New core class to represent simple immutable value object. The class is similar to Struct and partially shares an implementation, but has more lean and strict API. [Feature #16122]

      Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
      distance = Measure.new(100, 'km')            #=> #<data Measure amount=100, unit="km">
      weight = Measure.new(amount: 50, unit: 'kg') #=> #<data Measure amount=50, unit="kg">
      weight.with(amount: 40)                      #=> #<data Measure amount=40, unit="kg">
      weight.amount                                #=> 50
      weight.amount = 40                           #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `amount='
    

• Hash

  • Hash#shift now always returns nil if the hash is empty, instead of returning the default value or calling the default proc. [Bug #16908]

• MatchData

  • MatchData#byteoffset has been added. [Feature #13110]

• Module

  • Module.used_refinements has been added. [Feature #14332]
  • Module#refinements has been added. [Feature #12737]
  • Module#const_added has been added. [Feature #17881]

• Proc

  • Proc#dup returns an instance of subclass. [Bug #17545]
  • Proc#parameters now accepts lambda keyword. [Feature #15357]

• Refinement

  • Refinement#refined_class has been added. [Feature #12737]

• RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree

  • Add error_tolerant option for parse, parse_file and of. [Feature #19013] With this option

    1. SyntaxError is suppressed

    2. AST is returned for invalid input

    3. end is complemented when a parser reaches to the end of input but end is insufficient

    4. end is treated as keyword based on indent

       Without error_tolerant option

       root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY) def m a = 10 if end RUBY

       => <internal:ast>:33:in parse': syntax error, unexpectedend’ (SyntaxError)

       With error_tolerant option

       root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) def m a = 10 if end RUBY p root # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-4:3>

       end is treated as keyword based on indent

       root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) module Z class Foo foo. end

       def bar
       end
       

       end RUBY p root.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-2…-1]

       => [#<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:CLASS@2:2-4:5>, #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:DEFN@6:2-7:5>]

*   Add keep_tokens option for parse, parse_file and of. \[Feature #19070\]
    
          root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
          root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
          root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"

• Set
  • Set is now available as a builtin class without the need for require "set". [Feature #16989] It is currently autoloaded via the Set constant or a call to Enumerable#to_set.
• String
  • String#byteindex and String#byterindex have been added. [Feature #13110]
  • Update Unicode to Version 15.0.0 and Emoji Version 15.0. [Feature #18639] (also applies to Regexp)
  • String#bytesplice has been added. [Feature #18598]
• Struct

  • A Struct class can also be initialized with keyword arguments without keyword_init: true on Struct.new [Feature #16806]

      Post = Struct.new(:id, :name)
      Post.new(1, "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
      # From Ruby 3.2, the following code also works without keyword_init: true.
      Post.new(id: 1, name: "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
    

Compatibility issues

Note: Excluding feature bug fixes.

Removed constants

The following deprecated constants are removed.

• Fixnum and Bignum [Feature #12005]
• Random::DEFAULT [Feature #17351]
• Struct::Group
• Struct::Passwd

Removed methods

The following deprecated methods are removed.

• Dir.exists? [Feature #17391]
• File.exists? [Feature #17391]
• Kernel#=~ [Feature #15231]
• Kernel#taint, Kernel#untaint, Kernel#tainted? [Feature #16131]
• Kernel#trust, Kernel#untrust, Kernel#untrusted? [Feature #16131]

Stdlib compatibility issues****No longer bundle 3rd party sources

• We no longer bundle 3rd party sources like libyaml, libffi.

  • libyaml source has been removed from psych. You may need to install libyaml-dev with Ubuntu/Debian platform. The package name is different for each platform.

  • Bundled libffi source is also removed from fiddle

• Psych and fiddle supported static builds with specific versions of libyaml and libffi sources. You can build psych with libyaml-0.2.5 like this:

    $ ./configure --with-libyaml-source-dir=/path/to/libyaml-0.2.5
  

  And you can build fiddle with libffi-3.4.4 like this:

    $ ./configure --with-libffi-source-dir=/path/to/libffi-3.4.4
  

  [Feature #18571]

C API updates****Updated C APIs

The following APIs are updated.

• PRNG update
  • rb_random_interface_t updated and versioned. Extension libraries which use this interface and built for older versions. Also init_int32 function needs to be defined.

Removed C APIs

The following deprecated APIs are removed.

• rb_cData variable.
• “taintedness” and “trustedness” functions. [Feature #16131]

Standard library updates

• Bundler

  • Add –ext=rust support to bundle gem for creating simple gems with Rust extensions. [GH-rubygems-6149]
  • Make cloning git repos faster [GH-rubygems-4475]

• RubyGems

  • Add mswin support for cargo builder. [GH-rubygems-6167]

• ERB

  • ERB::Util.html_escape is made faster than CGI.escapeHTML.
    • It no longer allocates a String object when no character needs to be escaped.
    • It skips calling #to_s method when an argument is already a String.
    • ERB::Escape.html_escape is added as an alias to ERB::Util.html_escape, which has not been monkey-patched by Rails.

• IRB

  • debug.gem integration commands have been added: debug, break, catch, next, delete, step, continue, finish, backtrace, info
    • They work even if you don’t have gem “debug” in your Gemfile.
    • See also: What’s new in Ruby 3.2’s IRB?
  • More Pry-like commands and features have been added.
    • edit and show_cmds (like Pry’s help) are added.
    • ls takes -g or -G option to filter out outputs.
    • show_source is aliased from $ and accepts unquoted inputs.
    • whereami is aliased from @.

• The following default gems are updated.

  • RubyGems 3.4.1
  • abbrev 0.1.1
  • benchmark 0.2.1
  • bigdecimal 3.1.3
  • bundler 2.4.1
  • cgi 0.3.6
  • csv 3.2.6
  • date 3.3.3
  • delegate 0.3.0
  • did_you_mean 1.6.3
  • digest 3.1.1
  • drb 2.1.1
  • english 0.7.2
  • erb 4.0.2
  • error_highlight 0.5.1
  • etc 1.4.2
  • fcntl 1.0.2
  • fiddle 1.1.1
  • fileutils 1.7.0
  • forwardable 1.3.3
  • getoptlong 0.2.0
  • io-console 0.6.0
  • io-nonblock 0.2.0
  • io-wait 0.3.0
  • ipaddr 1.2.5
  • irb 1.6.2
  • json 2.6.3
  • logger 1.5.3
  • mutex_m 0.1.2
  • net-http 0.3.2
  • net-protocol 0.2.1
  • nkf 0.1.2
  • open-uri 0.3.0
  • open3 0.1.2
  • openssl 3.1.0
  • optparse 0.3.1
  • ostruct 0.5.5
  • pathname 0.2.1
  • pp 0.4.0
  • pstore 0.1.2
  • psych 5.0.1
  • racc 1.6.2
  • rdoc 6.5.0
  • readline-ext 0.1.5
  • reline 0.3.2
  • resolv 0.2.2
  • resolv-replace 0.1.1
  • securerandom 0.2.2
  • set 1.0.3
  • stringio 3.0.4
  • strscan 3.0.5
  • syntax_suggest 1.0.2
  • syslog 0.1.1
  • tempfile 0.1.3
  • time 0.2.1
  • timeout 0.3.1
  • tmpdir 0.1.3
  • tsort 0.1.1
  • un 0.2.1
  • uri 0.12.0
  • weakref 0.1.2
  • win32ole 1.8.9
  • yaml 0.2.1
  • zlib 3.0.0

• The following bundled gems are updated.

  • minitest 5.16.3
  • power_assert 2.0.3
  • test-unit 3.5.7
  • net-ftp 0.2.0
  • net-imap 0.3.3
  • net-pop 0.1.2
  • net-smtp 0.3.3
  • rbs 2.8.2
  • typeprof 0.21.3
  • debug 1.7.1

See GitHub releases like GitHub Releases of logger or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.

See NEWS or commit logs for more details.

With those changes, 3048 files changed, 218253 insertions(+), 131067 deletions(-) since Ruby 3.1.0!

Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays, and enjoy programming with Ruby 3.2!

Download

• https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/3.2/ruby-3.2.0.tar.gz

  SIZE: 20440715
  SHA1: fb4ab2ceba8bf6a5b9bc7bf7cac945cc94f94c2b
  SHA256: daaa78e1360b2783f98deeceb677ad900f3a36c0ffa6e2b6b19090be77abc272
  SHA512: 94203051d20475b95a66660016721a0457d7ea57656a9f16cdd4264d8aa6c4cd8ea2fab659082611bfbd7b00ebbcf0391e883e2ebf384e4fab91869e0a877d35
  

• https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/3.2/ruby-3.2.0.tar.xz

  SIZE: 15058364
  SHA1: bcdae07183d66fd902cb7bf995545a472d2fefea
  SHA256: d2f4577306e6dd932259693233141e5c3ec13622c95b75996541b8d5b68b28b4
  SHA512: 733ecc6709470ee16916deeece9af1c76220ae95d17b2681116aff7f381d99bc3124b1b11b1c2336b2b29e468e91b90f158d5ae5fca810c6cf32a0b6234ae08e
  

• https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/3.2/ruby-3.2.0.zip

  SIZE: 24583271
  SHA1: 581ec7b9289c2a85abf4f41c93993ecaa5cf43a5
  SHA256: cca9ddbc958431ff77f61948cb67afa569f01f99c9389d2bbedfa92986c9ef09
  SHA512: b7d2753825cc0667e8bb391fc7ec59a53c3db5fa314e38eee74b6511890b585ac7515baa2ddac09e2c6b6c42b9221c82e040af5b39c73e980fbd3b1bc622c99d
  

What is Ruby

Ruby was first developed by Matz (Yukihiro Matsumoto) in 1993, and is now developed as Open Source. It runs on multiple platforms and is used all over the world especially for web development.