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CVE-2022-4415: security - systemd-coredump: CVE-2022-4415: local information leak due to systemd-coredump not respecting fs.suid_dumpable kernel setting

A vulnerability was found in systemd. This security flaw can cause a local information leak due to systemd-coredump not respecting the fs.suid_dumpable kernel setting.

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Date: Wed, 21 Dec 2022 12:51:24 +0100 From: Matthias Gerstner <mgerstner@…e.de> To: oss-security@…ts.openwall.com Subject: systemd-coredump: CVE-2022-4415: local information leak due to systemd-coredump not respecting fs.suid_dumpable kernel setting

Hello list,

this is the publication of a report that was privately shared with the linux-distros mailing list on 2022-12-09 with a communicated coordinated release date of 2022-12-20.

I made small changes to the report to reflect recent developments.

This report is about a security issue I found in systemd-coredump. systemd-coredump is a userspace coredump handler for Linux that is part of the systemd suite [1].

[1]: https://github.com/systemd/systemd

The Issue

systemd-coredump sets the sysctl fs.suid_dumpable by default to 2 via a sysctl.d drop-in configuration file. For the kernel’s builtin coredump handling this setting means that core dumps for setuid (or otherwise privileged) processes will be written to disk but will only be accessible to the root user to avoid sensitive data leaking to unprivileged user accounts. See also `man 5 proc` for the full documentation of this sysctl.

systemd-coredump in userspace, however, does not respect this kernel setting in the implementation of its coredump handling. The real user ID of a dumping process will receive read access to the core dump via an ACL entry:

someuser$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/core\_pattern
|/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c %h
someuser$ cat /cat /proc/sys/fs/suid\_dumpable
2
someuser$ /usr/bin/su # run a setuid-root program and keep it running
Password:

# in another shell trigger a SEGFAULT in the setuid-root program
someuser$ kill -s SIGSEGV \`pidof su\`

# back in the original shell
Password: Segmentation fault (core dumped)
someuser$ cd /var/lib/systemd/coredump
someuser$ ls -l
-rw-r-----+ 1 root root 90K Okt 20 11:59 core.su.1000.76f0e40af2a240d98e50b90ab141d974.3529.1666259998000000.zst
someuser$ getfacl core.su.\*
# file:
# core.su.1000.76f0e40af2a240d98e50b90ab141d974.3529.1666259998000000.zst
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rw-
user:someuser:r--
group::r--
mask::r--
other::---

I have reproduced this on openSUSE Tumbleweed with systemd version 251. I have been able to reproduce it also on other current Linux distributions like Arch, Debian, Fedora and SLES.

Patch and Workaround

Attached are the current (two) patches I received from systemd upstream. Upstream published the fix by now in their GitHub repository [2].

A simple workaround without patching systemd-coredump is to revert the sysctl setting of fs.suid_dumpable back to 0. In this mode the kernel will not invoke systemd-coredump for privileged programs. The issue will thus not be triggered.

[2]: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/commit/b7641425659243c09473cd8fb3aef2c0d4a3eb9c

Affected Versions

The vulnerable default of the fs.suid_dumpable sysctl has been present since systemd version 246 (introduced via commit 6635f57d3ee). Even older versions may be affected though, should a system administrator decide to change this setting to 2.

Upstream states that only systemd starting with version 247 are affected, I don’t know how they come to this different conclusion.

Upstream also states that only builds of systemd with libacl support are affected. This makes sense since the read access to the core dumps is granted via ACL entries and there is no fallback to this.

Exploit and Severity

Exploiting this issue is pretty simple at the outset. Regular users are allowed to send arbitrary signals to privileged processes they create. Thus the privileged processes can be forced to dump core at arbitrary points in time and the memory contents of the program will become accessible via systemd-coredump.

Whether data obtained this way allows for a relevant information leak depends on the timing, on the one hand, and on the type of program executed on the other hand. What comes to mind is attempting to obtain the password hash for the root user account that is stored in /etc/shadow. Tools like ‘su’ and ‘sudo’ will have to process these password hashes when authenticating the invoking user.

With ‘sudo’ this will not work, because it actively sets the ulimit for coredumps to 0. The reason for this is to protect against exactly this attack scenario [3].

With ‘su’ it works, however. Attached you can find a Python script I created that shows that it is relatively simple to obtain the root user’s hash digest from /etc/shadow. From here on an attacker can attempt to crack the hash using a GPU rig, for example. While it is not a simple local root exploit it can be one if there is a dedicated attacker.

Other setuid programs (or also programs running only with certain raised Linux capabilties) could allow for different kinds of information leaks. Even for ‘su’ it depends a lot on the PAM stack configuration. Some PAM modules might read in data from private files in the target user’s home directory, or private configuration files which could leak via systemd-coredump.

[3]: https://github.com/sudo-project/sudo/blob/3040bf54c99ed1baa9e7006be2fed3d5fa71f80e/docs/sudo.man.in#L1260

Timeline

2022-10-20: I sent a first report and some questions to systemd-security@…hat.com, offering coordinated disclosure. 2022-11-28: Communication did not progress much; I investigated the issue further by creating a PoC. Upstream confirmed the issue now and acknowledged a higher severity than initially considered. 2022-12-09: The final patches have been shared with us and we agreed to the CRD 2022-20-20. I shared the report with the linux-distros mailing list. 2022-12-12: The CVE assignment was communicated by upstream and I also shared it with the linux-distros mailing list. 2022-12-20: Upstream published the fix.

Regards

Matthias

– Matthias Gerstner <matthias.gerstner@…e.de> Security Engineer https://www.suse.com/security GPG Key ID: 0x14C405C971923553

SUSE Software Solutions Germany GmbH HRB 36809, AG Nürnberg Geschäftsführer: Ivo Totev, Andrew Myers, Andrew McDonald, Boudien Moerman

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