Red Hat Security Advisory 2024-1877-03 - An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update Support. Issues addressed include denial of service, information leakage, null pointer, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

An issue exists in SoftIron HyperCloud where compute nodes may come online immediately without following the correct initialization process.  In this instance, workloads may be scheduled on these nodes and deploy to a failed or erroneous state, which impacts the availability of these workloads that may be deployed during this time window. This issue impacts HyperCloud versions from 2.0.0 to before 2.0.3.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2023-5627-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include bypass, null pointer, out of bounds write, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Dell VxRail versions earlier than 7.0.450, contain(s) an OS command injection vulnerability in VxRail Manager. A local authenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to the execution of arbitrary OS commands on the application's underlying OS, with the privileges of the vulnerable application. Exploitation may lead to a system take over by an attacker.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2023-2104-01 - Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.5.8 images Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes provides the capabilities to address common challenges that administrators and site reliability engineers face as they work across a range of public and private cloud environments. Clusters and applications are all visible and managed from a single console—with security policy built in. This advisory contains the container images for Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes, which fix several bugs. Issues addressed include a denial of service vulnerability.

Ubuntu Security Notice 6014-1 - Xuewei Feng, Chuanpu Fu, Qi Li, Kun Sun, and Ke Xu discovered that the TCP implementation in the Linux kernel did not properly handle IPID assignment. A remote attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or inject forged data. Ke Sun, Alyssa Milburn, Henrique Kawakami, Emma Benoit, Igor Chervatyuk, Lisa Aichele, and Thais Moreira Hamasaki discovered that the Spectre Variant 2 mitigations for AMD processors on Linux were insufficient in some situations. A local attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 6001-1 - Xuewei Feng, Chuanpu Fu, Qi Li, Kun Sun, and Ke Xu discovered that the TCP implementation in the Linux kernel did not properly handle IPID assignment. A remote attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or inject forged data. Ke Sun, Alyssa Milburn, Henrique Kawakami, Emma Benoit, Igor Chervatyuk, Lisa Aichele, and Thais Moreira Hamasaki discovered that the Spectre Variant 2 mitigations for AMD processors on Linux were insufficient in some situations. A local attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2023-0932-01 - Update information for Logging Subsystem 5.6.3 in Red Hat OpenShift. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate.

Logging Subsystem 5.4.12 - Red Hat OpenShift Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-41717: A flaw was found in the net/http library of the golang package. This flaw allows an attacker to cause excessive memory growth in a Go server accepting HTTP/2 requests. HTTP/2 server connections contain a cache of HTTP header keys sent by the client. While the total number of entries in this cache is capped, an attacker sending very large keys can cause the server to alloc...

Logging Subsystem 5.5.8 - Red Hat OpenShift Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-24999: qs before 6.10.3, as used in Express before 4.17.3 and other products, allows attackers to cause a Node process hang for an Express application because an __ proto__ key can be used. In many typical Express use cases, an unauthenticated remote attacker can place the attack payload in the query string of the URL that is used to visit the application, such as a[__proto__]=b&...

Logging Subsystem 5.6.3 - Red Hat OpenShift Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-24999: qs before 6.10.3, as used in Express before 4.17.3 and other products, allows attackers to cause a Node process hang for an Express application because an __ proto__ key can be used. In many typical Express use cases, an unauthenticated remote attacker can place the attack payload in the query string of the URL that is used to visit the application, such as a[__proto__]=b&...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2873: An out-of-bounds memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel Intel’s iSMT SMBus host controller driver in the way a user triggers the I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (with the ioctl I2C_SMBUS) with malicious input data. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system. * CVE-2022-3564: A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s L2CAP blue...

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2873: An out-of-bounds memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel Intel’s iSMT SMBus host controller driver in the way a user triggers the I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (with the ioctl I2C_SMBUS) with malicious input data. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system. * CVE-2022-3564: A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s L2CAP bluetoo...

Red Hat Security Advisory 2023-0854-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include buffer overflow and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2023-0832-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, null pointer, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2873: An out-of-bounds memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel Intel’s iSMT SMBus host controller driver in the way a user triggers the I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (with the ioctl I2C_SMBUS) with malicious input data. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system. * CVE-2022-41222: A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s mm/mremap me...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2873: An out-of-bounds memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel Intel’s iSMT SMBus host controller driver in the way a user triggers the I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (with the ioctl I2C_SMBUS) with malicious input data. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system. * CVE-2022-41222: A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s mm/mremap...

The PowerVR GPU kernel driver maintains an "Information Page" used by its cache subsystem. This page can only be written by the GPU driver itself, but prior to DDK 1.18 however, a user-space program could write arbitrary data to the page, leading to memory corruption issues.Product: AndroidVersions: Android SoCAndroid ID: A-259967780

An update for kpatch-patch is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-2964: kernel: memory corruption in AX88179_178A based USB ethernet device. * CVE-2022-4139: kernel: i915: Incorrect GPU TLB flush can lead to random memory access * CVE-2022-43945: kernel: nfsd buffer overflow by RPC message over TCP with garbage data

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-2964: kernel: memory corruption in AX88179_178A based USB ethernet device. * CVE-2022-3077: kernel: i2c: unbounded length leads to buffer overflow in ismt_access() * CVE-2022-4139: kernel: i915: Incorrect GPU TLB flush can lead to random memory access * CVE-2022-3059...

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-2964: kernel: memory corruption in AX88179_178A based USB ethernet device. * CVE-2022-3077: kernel: i2c: unbounded length leads to buffer overflow in ismt_access() * CVE-2022-4139: kernel: i915: Incorrect GPU TLB flush can lead to random memory access * CVE-2022-30594: ...

Hello everyone! Great news for my open source Scanvus project! You can now perform vulnerability checks on Linux hosts and docker images not only using the Vulners.com API, but also with the Vulns.io VM API. It’s especially nice that all the code to support the new API was written and contributed by colleagues from Vulns.io. […]

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-9082-01 - This is a kernel live patch module which is automatically loaded by the RPM post-install script to modify the code of a running kernel. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, out of bounds write, and privilege escalation vulnerabilities.

An update for kpatch-patch is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1158: kernel: KVM: cmpxchg_gpte can write to pfns outside the userspace region * CVE-2022-2639: kernel: openvswitch: integer underflow leads to out-of-bounds write in reserve_sfa_size() * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-43945: kernel: nfsd buffer overflow by RP...

Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.6.3 General Availability release images, which provide security updates, fix bugs, and update container images. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-3517: nodejs-minimatch: ReDoS via the braceExpand function * CVE-2022-41912: crewjam/saml: Authentication bypass when processing SAML responses containing multiple Assertion elements

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-8973-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, code execution, memory leak, out of bounds write, and privilege escalation vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-8974-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, code execution, out of bounds write, and privilege escalation vulnerabilities.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1158: kernel: KVM: cmpxchg_gpte can write to pfns outside the userspace region * CVE-2022-2639: kernel: openvswitch: integer underflow leads to out-of-bounds write in reserve_sfa_size() * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-21123: hw: cpu: incomplete clean-up of multi-co...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1158: kernel: KVM: cmpxchg_gpte can write to pfns outside the userspace region * CVE-2022-2639: kernel: openvswitch: integer underflow leads to out-of-bounds write in reserve_sfa_size() * CVE-2022-2959: kernel: watch queue race condition can lead to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-21123: hw: cpu: incomplete clean-up of multi...

Openshift Logging Bug Fix Release (5.3.14) Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36518: jackson-databind: denial of service via a large depth of nested objects * CVE-2022-42003: jackson-databind: deep wrapper array nesting wrt UNWRAP_SINGLE_VALUE_ARRAYS * CVE-2022-42004: jackson-databind: use of deeply nested arrays

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-8781-01 - Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift has a security update. Issues addressed include a denial of service vulnerability.

Logging Subsystem 5.5.5 - Red Hat OpenShift Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36518: jackson-databind: denial of service via a large depth of nested objects * CVE-2022-2879: golang: archive/tar: unbounded memory consumption when reading headers * CVE-2022-2880: golang: net/http/httputil: ReverseProxy should not forward unparseable query parameters * CVE-2022-27664: golang: net/http: handle server errors after sending GOAWAY * CVE-2022-32189: golang: math/b...

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-7933-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include code execution, denial of service, double free, information leakage, null pointer, out of bounds access, out of bounds write, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36516: kernel: off-path attacker may inject data or terminate victim's TCP session * CVE-2021-3640: kernel: use-after-free vulnerability in function sco_sock_sendmsg() * CVE-2022-0168: kernel: smb2_ioctl_query_info NULL pointer dereference * CVE-2022-0617: kernel: NULL pointer dereference in udf_expand_file_adinicbdue() during writeback * CVE-2022-0854: ...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36516: kernel: off-path attacker may inject data or terminate victim's TCP session * CVE-2021-3640: kernel: use-after-free vulnerability in function sco_sock_sendmsg() * CVE-2022-0168: kernel: smb2_ioctl_query_info NULL pointer dereference * CVE-2022-0617: kernel: NULL pointer dereference in udf_expand_file_adinicbdue() during writeback * CVE-2022-085...

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36516: kernel: off-path attacker may inject data or terminate victim's TCP session * CVE-2020-36558: kernel: race condition in VT_RESIZEX ioctl when vc_cons[i].d is already NULL leading to NULL pointer dereference * CVE-2021-3640: kernel: use-after-free vulnerability in function sco_sock_sendmsg() * CVE-2021-30002: kernel: memory leak for large arguments...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-36516: kernel: off-path attacker may inject data or terminate victim's TCP session * CVE-2020-36558: kernel: race condition in VT_RESIZEX ioctl when vc_cons[i].d is already NULL leading to NULL pointer dereference * CVE-2021-3640: kernel: use-after-free vulnerability in function sco_sock_sendmsg() * CVE-2021-30002: kernel: memory leak for large argume...

SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to the Deserialization of Untrusted Data. This vulnerability allows a remote adversary with Orion admin-level account access to SolarWinds Web Console to execute arbitrary commands.

SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to the Deserialization of Untrusted Data. This vulnerability allows a remote adversary with Orion admin-level account access to SolarWinds Web Console to execute arbitrary commands.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5687-1 - It was discovered that the SUNRPC RDMA protocol implementation in the Linux kernel did not properly calculate the header size of a RPC message payload. A local attacker could use this to expose sensitive information. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

OpenHarmony-v3.1.2 and prior versions, 3.0.6 and prior versions have an Out-of-bound memory read and write vulnerability in /dev/mmz_userdev device driver. The impact depends on the privileges of the attacker. The unprivileged process run on the device could read out-of-bound memory leading sensitive to information disclosure. The processes with system user UID run on the device would be able to write out-of-bound memory which could lead to unspecified memory corruption.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5660-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5654-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5647-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5639-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5630-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5623-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5622-1 - It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5616-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. Moshe Kol, Amit Klein and Yossi Gilad discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.5.2 General Availability release images, which fix security issues and bugs. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Critical. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE links in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-31129: moment: inefficient parsing algorithm resulting in DoS * CVE-2022-36067: vm2: Sandbox Escape in vm2

Ubuntu Security Notice 5605-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5603-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

OpenHarmony-v3.1.2 and prior versions have a heap overflow vulnerability. Local attackers can trigger a heap overflow and get network sensitive information.

OpenHarmony-v3.1.2 and prior versions have a heap overflow vulnerability. Local attackers can trigger a heap overflow and get network sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5600-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5599-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5595-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5594-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the IP implementation in the Linux kernel did not provide sufficient randomization when calculating port offsets. An attacker could possibly use this to expose sensitive information.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5592-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

A race condition was found the Linux kernel in perf_event_open() which can be exploited by an unprivileged user to gain root privileges. The bug allows to build several exploit primitives such as kernel address information leak, arbitrary execution, etc.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5589-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the virtual terminal driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle VGA console font changes, leading to an out-of-bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.3.12 General Availability release images, which provide security updates and bug fixes. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Moderate. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE links in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-31129: moment: inefficient parsing algorithm resulting in DoS

A race condition was found in the Linux kernel's watch queue due to a missing lock in pipe_resize_ring(). The specific flaw exists within the handling of pipe buffers. The issue results from the lack of proper locking when performing operations on an object. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system or escalate their privileges on the system.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5577-1 - Asaf Modelevsky discovered that the Intel 10GbE PCI Express Ethernet driver for the Linux kernel performed insufficient control flow management. A local attacker could possibly use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the framebuffer driver on the Linux kernel did not verify size limits when changing font or screen size, leading to an out-of- bounds write. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code.

An out-of-bounds memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel Intel’s iSMT SMBus host controller driver in the way a user triggers the I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (with the ioctl I2C_SMBUS) with malicious input data. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system.

Dm-verity is used for extending root-of-trust to root filesystems. LoadPin builds on this property to restrict module/firmware loads to just the trusted root filesystem. Device-mapper table reloads currently allow users with root privileges to switch out the target with an equivalent dm-linear target and bypass verification till reboot. This allows root to bypass LoadPin and can be used to load untrusted and unverified kernel modules and firmware, which implies arbitrary kernel execution and persistence for peripherals that do not verify firmware updates. We recommend upgrading past commit 4caae58406f8ceb741603eee460d79bacca9b1b5

A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel in log_replay in fs/ntfs3/fslog.c in the NTFS journal. This flaw allows a local attacker to crash the system and leads to a kernel information leak problem.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5529-1 - It was discovered that the Atheros ath9k wireless device driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle some error conditions, leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Yongkang Jia discovered that the KVM hypervisor implementation in the Linux kernel did not properly handle guest TLB mapping invalidation requests in some situations. An attacker in a guest VM could use this to cause a denial of service in the host OS.

Ubuntu Security Notice 5529-1 - It was discovered that the Atheros ath9k wireless device driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle some error conditions, leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code. Yongkang Jia discovered that the KVM hypervisor implementation in the Linux kernel did not properly handle guest TLB mapping invalidation requests in some situations. An attacker in a guest VM could use this to cause a denial of service in the host OS.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5249-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-1966: kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root * CVE-2022-27666: kernel: buffer overf...

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-1966: kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root * CVE-2022-27666: kernel: buffer overf...

A NULL pointer dereference flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s KVM module, which can lead to a denial of service in the x86_emulate_insn in arch/x86/kvm/emulate.c. This flaw occurs while executing an illegal instruction in guest in the Intel CPU.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5232-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include privilege escalation and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5220-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, memory leak, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5214-01 - This is a kernel live patch module which is automatically loaded by the RPM post-install script to modify the code of a running kernel. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5224-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5224-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5267-01 - The kernel-rt packages provide the Real Time Linux Kernel, which enables fine-tuning for systems with extremely high determinism requirements. Issues addressed include buffer overflow, information leakage, privilege escalation, and use-after-free vulnerabilities.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-29368: kernel: the copy-on-write implementation can grant unintended write access because of a race condition in a THP mapcount check * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to priv...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-1966: kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root * CVE-2022-27666: kernel: buffer ov...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation * CVE-2022-1966: kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-29368: kernel: the copy-on-write implementation can grant unintended write access because of a race condition in a THP mapcount check * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to p...

An update for kernel-rt is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Extended Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2020-29368: kernel: the copy-on-write implementation can grant unintended write access because of a race condition in a THP mapcount check * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to p...

An update for kpatch-patch is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-1012: kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak * CVE-2022-1966: kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root * CVE-2022-27666: kernel: buffer overflow in IPsec ESP transformation code

Red Hat Security Advisory 2022-5157-01 - The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. Issues addressed include a privilege escalation vulnerability.

An update for kernel is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 Advanced Update Support. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original. Related CVEs: * CVE-2022-0492: kernel: cgroups v1 release_agent feature may allow privilege escalation * CVE-2022-1729: kernel: race condition in perf_event_open leads to privilege escalation

A flaw out of bounds memory write in the Linux kernel UDF file system functionality was found in the way user triggers some file operation which triggers udf_write_fi(). A local user could use this flaw to crash the system or potentially